Table 1.

Random effects logistic regression modelling of child- and household-level risk factors for active trachoma (TF and/or TI in either eye) in children aged 0—9 years

Characteristic	No. of children <10 yearsa	No. with active trachoma (%)	Univariate analysisa			Multivariate analysisb
			OR	95% CI	Wald test P-value	OR	95% CI	Wald test P-value
Child-level variables
Age (years)c
≤1	213	12 (5.6)	1.00			1.00
1—2	542	71 (13.1)	2.56	1.28—5.12	0.008	2.20	1.07—4.52	0.033
3—5	798	136 (17.0)	3.94	2.02—7.67	<0.001	3.62	1.80—7.25	<0.001
6—9	1437	92 (6.4)	1.03	0.53—2.02	0.927	1.20	0.59—2.41	0.618
Sex
Male	1482	152 (10.3)	1.00			—	—	—
Female	1508	159 (10.5)	1.06	0.81—1.38	0.693	—	—	—
Dirty face
No	2178	166 (7.6)	1.00			—
Yes	727	126 (17.3)	3.39	2.44—4.70	<0.001	—	—	—
Ocular discharge
No	2686	231 (8.6)	1.00			1.00
Yes	219	62 (28.3)	5.37	3.52—8.19	<0.001	2.68	1.76—4.09	<0.001
Nasal discharge
No	1789	116 (6.5)	1.00			1.00
Yes	1119	177 (15.8)	3.40	2.52—4.59	<0.001	2.07	1.53—2.81	<0.001
Flies on face
No	2867	287 (10.0)	1.00			—	—	—
Yes	33	5 (15.2)	2.44	0.79—7.50	0.121	—	—	—
Unclean faced
No	1667	91 (5.5)	1.00			1.00e
Yes	1243	203 (16.3)	4.45	3.25—6.09	<0.001	3.17	2.33—4.30	<0.001
Household head variables
Age of household head (years)
<30	84	4 (4.8)	1.00			—	—	—
30—49	1094	108 (9.9)	2.78	0.67—11.63	0.160	—	—	—
50—69	1360	145 (10.7)	2.99	0.72—12.47	0.132	—	—	—
>69	452	54 (11.9)	3.72	0.85—16.22	0.081	—	—	—
Sex of household head
Male	2720	280 (10.3)	1.00			—	—	—
Female	270	31 (11.5)	1.26	0.72—2.21	0.419	—	—	—
Country of birth of household head
The Gambia	2781	295 (10.6)	1.00			—	—	—
Elsewhere	209	16 (7.7)	0.84	0.40—1.76	0.644	—	—	—
Ethnic group of household head
Mandinka	1486	158 (10.6)	1.00			—	—	—
Other	1504	153 (10.2)	1.01	0.65—1.55	0.978	—	—	—
Education of household head
Yes	1374	139 (10.1)	1.00			—	—	—
No	1616	172 (10.6)	1.16	0.80—1.68	0.447	—	—	—
Type of education
Arabic	944	97 (10.3)	1.00			—	—	—
Western	417	42 (10.1)	0.98	0.52—1.84	0.958	—	—	—
Education level
Basic primary	247	27 (10.9)	1.00			—	—	—
Middle	177	22 (12.4)	1.51	0.61—3.78	0.376	—	—	—
Senior secondary	88	8 (9.1)	0.51	0.12—2.26	0.375	—	—	—
College	31	2 (6.5)	0.72	0.09—5.87	0.756	—	—	—
Occupation
Other occupation	2678	292 (10.9)	1.00			1.00
Trader	312	19 (6.1)	0.45	0.23—0.88	0.019	0.53	0.30—0.94	0.03
Monthly income
<US$1/day	2516	264 (10.5)	1.00			—	—	—
>US$1/day	459	46 (10.0)	1.04	0.64—1.70	0.873	—	—	—
Household variables
Other child with active trachoma in household
No	2448	121 (4.9)	1.00			1.00
Yes	542	190 (35.1)	10.56	8.01—13.92	<0.001	11.28	8.31—15.31	<0.001
No. of people in household	2990	311 (10.4)	1.02	1.00—1.04	0.097	—	—	—
No. of adults in household	2990	311 (10.4)	1.02	0.99—1.06	0.213	—	—	—
No. of children in household	2990	311 (10.4)	1.04	1.00—1.09	0.061	—	—	—
Latrine presence
Yes	2602	273 (10.5)	1.00			—	—	—
No	388	38 (9.8)	1.01	0.59—1.73	0.963	—	—	—
Latrine shared or private
Shared	2469	256 (10.4)	1.00			—	—	—
Private	130	17 (13.1)	1.57	0.60—4.12	0.358	—	—	—
Water source
Tap	1548	176 (11.4)	1.00			—	—	—
Covered well with hand	971	100 (10.3)	1.08	0.65—1.81	0.754	—	—	—
pump
Uncovered well	451	34 (7.5)	0.90	0.46—1.76	0.750	—	—	—
Borehole	20	1 (5.0)	0.51	0.04—6.14	0.598	—	—	—
Distance to water source
<1 km	2911	302 (10.4)	1.00			—	—	—
>1 km	79	9 (11.4)	1.22	0.41—3.61	0.726	—	—	—
Time to water source
<30min	2845	297 (10.4)	1.00			—	—	—
>30min	145	14 (9.7)	1.03	0.45—2.33	0.949	—	—	—

TF, trachomatous inflammation, follicular; TI, trachomatous inflammation, intense; OR, odds ratio.

^aBased on all children for whom data were available of the 2990 examined children.

^bAdjusted for child age, ocular and nasal discharge, another child in the household with active trachoma and occupation.

^cAge <1 year represents children aged ≤12 months, 1—2 years is children aged 13—36 months, 3—5 years is 37—72 months and 6—9 years is 73—120 months.

^dUnclean face comprised dirty face, ocular discharge, nasal discharge or flies on the face combined.

^eAdjusted for child age, another child in the household with active trachoma, occupation and unclean face.