Table 3.

Summary of studies comparing the effect of IRS combined with net use vs. one intervention alone^*

Study	Country and time period	How effect was measured	Effect of nets/ITNs combined with IRS vs. IRS only	Nets untreated, treated, or both	ITN coverage measured by household survey, by number distributed, or not at all	IRS coverage determined by household survey, sprayer data, quantity used, or not at all	IRS and ITN use known for individual
Rowland 16	Pakistan	Case control study	P. falciparum OR = 0.22 (0.09–0.55); P. vivax OR = 0.31 (0.19–0.51)	Treated	Not measured	Not measured	ITN yes; IRS no
Yadav 17	India, mid-1990s	Incidence and prevalence  (all ages)	Significant reduction	Both	Not measured	Not measured	No
Protopopoff  (2007a)	Burundi, 2002–2005	Vector density and infectivity	a) Vector density: −56% b) Infectivity: no effect	Treated	household	Sprayer data	No
Protopopoff 19	Burundi, 2002–2005	Prevalence, 1–9 years	Prevalence OR = 0.88  (0.60–1.31)	Treated	household	Sprayer data	Nets yes; IRS no
Protopopoff  (2007b)	Burundi, 2000  (epidemic)	Prevalence (all ages);  vector density	a) Prevalence: OR = 0.36  (0.15–0.88)† b)Vector density: no effect	Treated	household	Household survey	Yes
Nyarango 20	Eritrea, 2000–2004	Incidence of cases;  mortality	No effect (in multivariable analysis)	Both	household	Quantity insecticide  used	No
Graves 21	Eritrea, 1999–2003	Incidence of cases	“Significant reduction”	Treated	Number  distributed	Quantity insecticide  used	No
Previously  unpublished‡	Equatorial Guinea,  2006–2008	Prevalence, 1 to 15 years	Prevalence OR = 0.71 (0.59–0.86)	Both	household	Household survey	Yes
Previously  unpublished	Mozambique,  2006–2007	Prevalence, 1 to 15 years	Prevalence OR = 0.63 (0.50–0.79)	Both	household	Household survey	Yes

^*ITN = insecticide-treated net; IRS = indoor residual spraying; OR = odds ratio.

^†One zone only.

^‡Includes data from Kleinschmidt and others. ²²