Table 1.

Studies examining the relationship between sleep and sleep-disordered breathing during pregnancy with gestational diabetes risk

Author	Qiu et al.42	Facco et al.41	Reutrakul et al.43
Sample size	n = 1290	n = 189	n = 169
EGA at assessment	18 weeks	First assessment: 13.8 weeks	26.2 weeks
		Second assessment: 30.2 weeks
Parity	Nulliparous and multiparous	Nulliparous	Unspecified
Method of assessment	Interview	Questionnaire	Questionnaires
Measures	Duration of sleep during pregnancy Prepregnancy sleep duration Frequency of snoring OGTT results	Duration of sleep during pregnancy Snoring and frequency of snoring OGTT results	Daytime sleepiness Snoring assessment Sleep quality Nocturia, nocturnal enuresis and interruption of sleep OGTT results
Outcome	Increased GDM risk among short sleeper (≤4 h per night) compared with regular sleeper (9 h per night) Snoring was associated with twofold increased risk of GDM Overweight women who slept short or snored had the greatest risk of GDM	Short sleep duration and frequent snoring associated with elevated OGTT results Greater incidence of GDM with both short sleep and frequent snoring	Sleep duration was inversely related to glucose levels Each hour of reduced sleep resulting in 4% increase in glucose levels Increased likelihood of GDM associated with increased risk of sleep-disordered breathing Individuals with sleep-disordered breathing, short sleep and frequent snoring had elevated risk GDM

Abbreviations: EGA, estimated gestational age; GDM, gestational diabetes; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.