Table 1. Operationalization and descriptive statistics of neighborhood disadvantage indicators in 1981and 2007 measure points.
| Label | Operationalization | Mean percentage (SD) across neighborhoods | |
| 1981 | 2007 | ||
| 1) Low income | Percentage of individuals living in a household with an annual disposable household income per consumption unit 1 in the household ≤10th percentile of the Swedish population the corresponding year | 10.4(4.8) | 7.8(6.4) |
| 2) High income | Percentage of individuals living in a household with an annual disposable household income per consumption unit 1 in the household ≥90th percentile of the Swedish population the corresponding year (reverse coded) | 9.9(6.5) | 12.1(9.5) |
| 3) Housing allowance | Percentage of individuals living in household receiving housing allowance | 18.4(10.6) | 5.4(5.9) |
| 4) Wealth | Percentage of individuals paying any amount of wealth tax2 (reverse coded) | 1.7(1.8) | 3.2(3.5) |
| 5) Non-employment | Percentage of adults (≥18 yrs) whose main income is from unemployment, early retirement, or sickness benefits or compensation; not counting income from retirement or employment.3 | 7.4(3.1) | 6.7(3.3) |
| 6) Single parent | Percentage of individuals living in single-parent households with one or more children | 10.9(7.1) | 7.8(3.7) |
| 7a) Low occupational status | Percentage of individuals living in household with unskilled manual worker (SEI: 11–12) as the highest occupational level. | 16.1(7.1) | N/A |
| 7b) Low educational achievement | Percentage of individuals ≥25 yrs with only primary education, including primary education <9 years, and primary education 9–10) years | N/A | 15.1(6.8) |
| 8a) High occupational status | Percentage of individuals living in household with professionals or self-employed (SEI: 56–60) as the highest occupational level (reverse coded) | 11.0(7.2) | N/A |
| 8b) High educational achievement | Percentage of individuals ≥25 yrs with 2 or more years of tertiary education or PhD (reverse coded) | N/A | 33.6(13.5) |
Disposable household income is defined as the sum of household incomes from wages and salaries, entrepreneurial income and property income, plus current transfers received (incl e.g. earnings-related pensions and national pensions and other social security benefits, social assistance), minus transfers paid (including e.g. taxes, compulsory pension and unemployment insurance).Weighting for consumptions units is done by dividing the income by the sum of consumption unit weights: single-person household ( = 1.00); cohabitant couple ( = 1.51), additional adult ( = 0.60), first child 0–19 yrs ( = 0.52), second and additional children 0–19 yrs ( = 0.42).
Due to revocation of the Swedish wealth tax in 2007, the wealth tax for 2006 is used for the 2007 measurement.
Specifically, non-employment is based on an income variable categorizing all adults into one out of six mutual categories, based on the amount of income from different sources. The basic amount is calculated annually based on changes in the general price level, in accordance with the National Insurance Act (1962:381). The six categories, of which category 3, 4 and 5 are defined as non-employment, are: 1) employed ( = labor income more than 2 base amounts); 2) retired ( = not fulfilling the criteria for 1), and retirement pension >50% of the of the total income); 3) early retirement ( = not fulfilling the criteria for 1) or 2), and income from sickness compensation and activity compensation >50% of total income); 4) unemployed ( = not fulfilling the criteria for, 1) or 2) or 3), and income from unemployment benefits >50% of the total income); 5) sick ( = not fulfilling the criteria for 1) or 2) or 3) or 4), and income from sickness benefits >50% of the total income); 6) Other ( = not fulfilling the criteria for 1) or 2) or 3) or 4) or 5)).