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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013 May 16;33(7):10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.300647. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.300647

Panel A, SFG-Dkk1 upregulates alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity in AoECs, a key component of osteogenic mineralization. **, p<0.01 vs. SFG-LacZ. Panel B, Alizarin red S staining reveals SFG-Dkk1 upregulates while SFG-Msx2 and SFG-Wnt7b suppress calcification of bovine AoECs cultured under mineralization conditions. This is the opposite of the response elicited in mesenchymal cells (ref. 7). Panel C, digital quantification of Alizarin Red S staining demonstrates significant and reciprocal regulation of calcification in bovine AoECs transduced with Dkk1, Msx2, and Wnt7b expression vectors. ANOVA p < 0.0001; *, p < 0.05 vs. SFG-LacZ; **, p < 0.01 vs. SFG-LacZ; ***, p < 0.001 vs. SFG-LacZ control. All experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated at least twice.

Panel A, SFG-Dkk1 upregulates alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity in AoECs, a key component of osteogenic mineralization. **, p<0.01 vs. SFG-LacZ. Panel B, Alizarin red S staining reveals SFG-Dkk1 upregulates while SFG-Msx2 and SFG-Wnt7b suppress calcification of bovine AoECs cultured under mineralization conditions. This is the opposite of the response elicited in mesenchymal cells (ref. 7). Panel C, digital quantification of Alizarin Red S staining demonstrates significant and reciprocal regulation of calcification in bovine AoECs transduced with Dkk1, Msx2, and Wnt7b expression vectors. ANOVA p < 0.0001; *, p < 0.05 vs. SFG-LacZ; **, p < 0.01 vs. SFG-LacZ; ***, p < 0.001 vs. SFG-LacZ control. All experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated at least twice.