Table 1.
|
|
|
Self-perceived assessment |
|
|
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author | Year | Population | Question and responses | Administration | Reported sexual behaviors | Reported drug behaviors | Congruence conclusions |
Weisman | 1989 | 430 adolescent women from Planned Parenthood Clinic in Baltimore | How much chance do you think there is that you will get AIDS in the next 5 years? | Face-to-face interview | Yesa | Yes (1 year) | Risk taking behavior not strongly associated with perceived personal risk of AIDS |
Very sure it will not happen; somewhat sure it will not happen; there is an even chance (50–50); somewhat sure it will happen; very sure it will happen | |||||||
Prohaska | 1990 | 1540 urban and suburban adults in Chicago | In terms of your own risk of getting AIDS do you think you are at … for getting AIDS? | Telephone interview | Yes (5 years) | None | Two sexual risk practices were congruent with perceived risk of AIDS |
Great; some; or no risk | |||||||
Kalichman | 1992 | 384 mass transit waiting areas in Chicago | What do you think your chances are of getting AIDS? | Anonymous paper survey | Yes | IDU (1 year) | Women at higher risk estimated that they were at greater risk for AIDS |
4 point scale ranging from: I will never get AIDS to I know I will get AIDS | |||||||
Goldman | 1993 | 602 men and women from University of Rhode Island | 4 question composite score: I am currently at risk for AIDS; thought of getting AIDS does not worry me; I sometime suspect that I am exposed to AIDS; I have had intercourse with someone in the last 10 years who could have exposed me to AIDS | Written questionnaire | Yes | None | Perceived risk negatively related to AIDS preventive behavior |
Definitely false; probably false; probably true; definitely true | |||||||
Klepinger | 1993 | 3321 men 20–39 years old; national sample | Perceived personal HIV-infection risk: | Face-to-face interview | Yes (4 weeks) | Yes (4 weeks) | Weak association between perceptions of risk and HIV-related risk-behavior |
None; some; ≥50% | |||||||
Kline | 1993 | 242 women from drug treatment centers in 3 high HIV prevalence cities in northern New Jersey | How likely is it that you will become infected with AIDS in the next 12 months? | Face-to-face interview | Yes (4 weeks) | Yes | Congruence with drug use, but incongruence with sexual behavior |
4 point scale: Very unlikely; somewhat unlikely; somewhat likely; very likely | |||||||
van der Velde | 1994 | 1318 participants from 4 HIV risk stratified samples from Amsterdam | How do you estimate the chance that you will become infected with AIDS virus in the next 2 years? | Written questionnaire | Yes (4 months) | No | Modest correlation of perception of risk and previous sexual experiences in a high risk population |
Scale from 0–100% chance | |||||||
Bosga | 1995 | 165 homosexual men who practice unprotected anogenital intercourse with steady and non-steady partners | Not available | Not available | Not available | Not available | Majority of men who engage in risky behaviors within their primary relationship do not appraise their behaviors as risky |
Not available | |||||||
Dolcini | 1996 | 1770 men and women 18–44 years old living in San Francisco with high rates of STDs and drug use | How likely do you think it is that you will eventually get AIDS? | Face-to-face interview | Yes | No | Only having a sexual partner who was an IDU was associated with self-perceived risk |
1 = definitely not possible; 2 = very unlikely; 3 = somewhat unlikely; 4 = very worried or concerned |
|||||||
Fitchtner | 1996 | 51,359 patients from 25 STD clinics in Illinois | Do you have any reason to be concerned that you may have been exposed to HIV from a sex or needle-sharing partner? | Face-to-face interview | Yes | Yes (lifetime) | 65% with assessed risk did not perceive risk |
Yes or no | |||||||
Steers | 1996 | 424 undergraduates from 6 California schools | My chances of contracting HIV are low | Anonymous written questionnaire | Yesa | No | Perceived susceptibility predicted many safer-sex behaviors |
1 = strongly agree to 5 = strongly disagree | |||||||
Brown | 1998 | 140 random sample of IDUs attending methadone clinics and needle exchanges in New York City | If you do not know your HIV status or if you have tested negative, how would you rate your risk of acquiring HIV? | Face-to-face structured interview | Yesa | No | AIDS risk perception was not a significant predictor of condom use |
0 = none; 1 = small; 2 = moderate; 3 = large; 4 = great | |||||||
Cummings | 1999 | 142 African American low-income women; not considered high-risk | Are you worried about getting AIDS? | Semi-structured 1-on-1 interviews | Yes | No | Worried and non-worried women were equally likely to report risk behaviors |
Yes or no | |||||||
Weinreb | 1999 | 220 homeless and 216 low-income mothers living in Massachusetts | Do you perceive your HIV risk to be: | Multi-session interview format | Yes | Yes (2 years) | Among high-risk women 75% believed themselves to be a low- or no-risk for HIV |
Non-existent; low; medium; high | |||||||
Stein | 2000 | 1049 homeless, impoverished, minority, and/or IDU men and women in Los Angeles | 1. I've already done plenty that could have exposed me to AIDS; 2. I've never done anything that could give me AIDS; 3. My chances of getting AIDS are great; 4. I don't think I'm at risk for AIDS; 5. Rating of chances of getting AIDS | Face-to-face interview | Yes | Yes | Composite score of perceived risk and IDU has congruency, but sexual risk does not |
Statements 1–4 scored 1–5: 1 = disagree strongly to 5 = agree strongly; 5th question scored 1 = no chance 4 = high chance |
|||||||
Maurier | 2000 | A range of 1204–1277 participants over five periods representative of Alberta | What do you think your choices are of getting HIV or AIDS? | Telephone interview | Yes (2 years) | Yes | Congruency between self-perceived risk and number or partners varied by survey and year |
1 = none; 2 = low; 3 = medium; 4 = high | |||||||
Amadora-Nolasco | 2001 | 360 registered and 360 freelance sex workers | Do you think you have a chance of getting HIV/AIDS or do you think there is a possibility for you to be infected? | Face-to-face interview | Yes (6 months) | No | For freelance sex workers associated perceived risk and number of sex partners and condom usage in selected populations |
Yes; no; don't know | |||||||
Holtzman | 2001 | Random sample of 18- to 49-year-olds in the United States | Perceived risk of HIV infection: | Telephone interview | Yes | Yes (1 year) | Good agreement between measure of actual HIV risk and perceptions of risk |
High; medium; low; none | |||||||
Schröder | 2001 | 666 Black and 626 white single low-income women from OB/GYN clinic in the midwest | Own perceived risk of getting AIDS | Face-to-face interview | Yes (6 months) | No | Lack of risk perception correlated with lack of sexual protective behaviors |
1 = no risk; 2 = low risk; 3 = moderate risk; 4 = high risk |
|||||||
Klein | 2003 | 250 urban economically disadvantaged women in Atlanta | What do you think your chances are of getting the AIDS virus? | Female interviewer; Face-to-face | Yes (90 days) | Yes (30 days) | Incongruency among lower-risk perception group |
No chance or at least some chance | |||||||
Theall | 2003 | 183 mostly African American women in Atlanta | What do you think are the chances of your getting the AIDS virus? | Female interviewer; Face-to-face | Yesa | Yes | Relationship between report and perceived risk with some incongruence |
0 = none; 1 = low; 2 = medium; 3 = high | |||||||
Wood | 2004 | 994 IDUs in Vancouver | Compared to other drug users in Vancouver, how likely do you think you are to get infected with HIV/AIDS? | Face-to-face interview | Yes (6 months) | Yes (6 months) | Inconsistent relationship between IDU behavior and risk-perception |
Much more likely; a bit more likely; about the same; less likely | |||||||
Takahashi | 2005 | 2911 sexually active adults 18–50 years old in Florida, Montana, Ohio, and South Dakota | What are your chances of getting infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS? | Telephone interview | Yes (1 year) | Yes (1 year) | Most individuals who report behaviors that increase their risk for HIV do not consider themselves to be at risk and have not been recently tested |
High; medium; low; none | |||||||
Prata | 2006 | 7817 sexually experienced 15- to 24-year-olds in Mozambique | Risk of HIV: | Household survey | Yes | No | 27% of women and 80% of men with self-perceived no or small risk were actually at moderate or high risk |
None; small; moderate; high; or not known | |||||||
Lapidus | 2006 | 222 American Indians and Alaska Natives in 4 counties; Oregon or Washington State | Perceived risk of HIV infection: | Interview | Yes | Yes | 44% reporting high-risk behaviors reported themselves at low or no risk of HIV |
High; medium; low; none; don't know | |||||||
MacKellar | 2007 | 2788 MSM in 6 US cities | Which number best describes how likely it is that you will become HIV+ today? Your lifetime? | Interviewed with a questionnaire | Yes | Yes | Although some congruency, a substantial proportion of those with risk behaviors perceived a low-risk for infection |
1 = very unlikely; 2 = unlikely; 3 = somewhat likely; 4 = likely; 5 = very likely |
|||||||
Cole | 2008 | 529 women recruited from a domestic violence court | Which statement best describes your chance of getting HIV? | Interview; event calendar | Yes (1 year) | Yes | Congruence in some but not all risk behaviors |
0 = no chance; 1 = 50% chance; 2 = 75% chance |
Indicates multiple time frames provided in the study for participants to report their behaviors.