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(A) Time evolution of the bending angle for low crosslink density (circles) and high crosslink density (squares) hydrogels. Schematic of the bending configuration for positive and negative angles is given, where A and C stand for anode and cathode, respectively. The initial and final, steady-state configuration of the high crosslink density hydrogel (B,C) and low crosslink density hydrogels (D,E) are also shown.
