Table 3. Mixed-effects model for the association between prenatal glucocorticoid treatment (case a vs. control, matched for gestational age and sex) and mental health outcome scores for children and adolescents, adjusted for relevant confounders b .
| Mental health |
Prenatal glucocorticoid (GC) treatment (case/control)
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Estimates
|
Pair-wise comparisons
|
|||||||
| n | Means | SE | 95% CI | Mean difference (B) | SE | 95% CI | P | |
| 8-y-olds Rutter (teacher report) | ||||||||
| Total Rutter score | 8.04 | 3.34 | 1.49-14.60 | .02 | ||||
| GC control | 6059 | 3.59 | .32 | 2.90-4.28 | ||||
| GC case | 37 | 11.63 | 3.33 | 5.11-18.15 | ||||
| Antisocial score | 2.15 | 1.12 | -.04-4.35 | .05 | ||||
| GC control | 6065 | .75 | .11 | .50-1.00 | ||||
| GC case | 37 | 2.90 | 1.11 | .72-5.01 | ||||
| Neurotic score | 2.48 | .84 | .84-4.12 | .00 | ||||
| GC control | 6076 | .65 | .02 | .61-.70 | ||||
| GC case | 37 | 3.13 | .83 | 1.50-4.76 | ||||
| Inattention-hyperactivity score | 1.53 | 1.01 | -.43-3.51 | .13 | ||||
| GC control | 6069 | 3.86 | .11 | 3.62-4.09 | ||||
| GC case | 37 | 5.39 | 1.00 | 3.43-7.36 | ||||
| Inattention score c | .79 | .35 | .12-1.47 | .02 | ||||
| GC control | 6079 | .22 | .03 | .16-.29 | ||||
| GC case | 37 | 1.01 | .34 | .34-1.69 | ||||
| Hyperactivity score d | .74 | .73 | -.69-2.17 | .31 | ||||
| GC control | 6075 | 2.63 | .08 | 2.46-2.81 | ||||
| GC case | 37 | 3.37 | .73 | 1.95-4.80 | ||||
| 16-y-olds SWAN (parent report) | ||||||||
| Combined ADHD score | 13.92 | 12.83 | -11.22-39.06 | .28 | ||||
| GC control | 4950 | -20.23 | .86 | -22.10- -18.36 | ||||
| GC case | 29 | -6.31 | 12.77 | -31.34-18.72 | ||||
| Inattention score e | 8.42 | 6.80 | -4.91-21.74 | .22 | ||||
| GC control | 4950 | -8.00 | .49 | -9.05- -6.94 | ||||
| GC case | 29 | .42 | 6.77 | -12.85-13.69 | ||||
| Hyperactivity score f | 5.47 | 6.99 | -8.24-19.17 | .43 | ||||
| GC control | 4950 | -12.22 | .38 | -13.05- -11.38 | ||||
| GC case | 29 | -6.75 | 6.96 | -20.39-6.89 | ||||
| 16-y-olds YSR (self-report) | ||||||||
| YSR Total Problem score | 16.39 | 12.05 | -7.24-40.02 | .17 | ||||
| GC control | 5079 | 25.52 | 1.34 | 22.67-28.36 | ||||
| GC case | 29 | 41.91 | 12.03 | 18.33-65.49 | ||||
a
Including cases exposed to prenatal sGC > 4 days prior to birth.
b
adjusted for birthweight, placental weight, socio-demographic factors (maternal age, education and family structure), and medical factors (total prenatal sGC dose, interval between prenatal sGC exposure and birth (days), smoking during pregnancy, parity and pre-pregnancy BMI).
c
score based on Rutter item number 16 (range 0 to 2).
d
score based on sum of Rutter items 1 and 3 (range 0 to 4).
e
score based on sum of 9 SWAN items (range -27 to 27).
f
score based on sum of 9 SWAN items (range -27 to 27).