Table 2. Percent of bone mineral density (BMD) changes compared with the baseline value at the 3^rd, 6^th, 12^th and 18^th or more in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients after intervention.

Authors, year	Participants’ pattern	Intervention	Comparator	Percent of BMD changes at the 3rd month	Percent of BMD changes at the 6th month	Percent of BMD changes at the 12th month	Percent of BMD changes at the 18th month or more
Studies using bisphosphonate analogues to attenuate bone loss in SCI patients
Pearson et a al, 1997	Acute SCI	Etidronate (oral)	SCI patients with usual care	No measurement	T: -8.3 ± 3.6; C: difficulty in data extraction	T: -26.1 ± 7.4; C: difficulty in data extraction	No measurement
Nance et al, 1999	Acute SCI	Pamidronate (IV)	SCI patients with usual care	No measurement	No measurement	T: -4.7 ± 0.4; C: -10.8 ± 0.4	No measurement
Zehnder et al, 2004	Mainly chronic SCI	Alendronate (oral)	SCI patients with usual care	No measurement	T: 0.4 ± 0.6; C: -1.1 ± 0.4	T: -0.7 ± 0.8; C: -2.3 ± 0.6	T: -1.3 ± 1.3; C: -4.0 ± 0.82
Moran et al, 2005	Chronic SCI	Alendronate (oral)	Calcium 1000mg daily	No measurement	T: -1.0 ± 1.9; C: -0.9 ± 4.6	No measurement	No measurement
Bauman et al, 2005	Acute SCI	Pamidronate (IV)	Normal saline	T: -1.0 ± 3.0; C: -6.0 ± 7.0	T: -5.0 ± 4.0; C: -9.0 ± 8.0	T: -9.0 ± 7.0; C: -12 ± 7.0	T : -18.0 ± 9.0; C: -19.0 ± 9.0
Gilchrist et al, 2007	Acute SCI	Alendronate (oral)	Placebo tablet	T: -0.3 ± 5.2; C: -5.6 ± 4.7	T: -2.3 ± 5.4; C: -13.4 ± 4.9	T: -3.4 ± 5.2; C: -18.5 ± 4.7	T: -7.1 ± 4.7; C: -22.6 ± 4.3
Shapiro et al, 2007	Acute SCI	Zoledronic acid (IV)	Normal saline	No measurement	T: 2.4 ± 4.3; C: -1.7 ± 3.5	T: -2.1 ± 4.2; C: -12.6 ± 5.2	No measurement
Bubbear et al, 2011	Acute SCI	Zoledronic acid (IV)	SCI patients with usual care	T: -1.9 ± 2.41; C: -10.84 ± 1.72	T: -1.5 ± 5.9; C: -18.5 ± 5.9	T: -4.5 ± 5.7; C: -17.9 ± 9.4	No measurement
Studies using functional electrical stimulation (FES) to attenuate bone loss in SCI patients
Leeds et al, 1990	Chronic SCI	FES cycling ergometry	Nil	No measurement	T: -5.6 ± 6.5	No measurement	No measurement
Bedell et al, 1996	Chronic SCI	FES cycling ergometry	Ni;	T: 5.1 ± 17	No measurement	No measurement	No measurement
Bloomfield et al, 1996	Chronic SCI	FES cycling ergometry	SCI patients with usual care	T: 6.7 ± 2.1; C:-2.1 ± 3.4	T: 4.8 ± 3.3; C: 2.3 ± 4.4	No measurement	No measurement
Mohr et al, 1997	Chronic SCI	FES cycling ergometry	Nil	No measurement	No measurement	T: 9.7 ± 3.5	T: -2 ± 6.9
Belanger et al, 2000	Chronic SCI	FES plus resistive training	Nil	No measurement	T: 11.1 ± 4.6	No measurement	No measurement
Eser et al, 2003	Acute SCI	FES cycling ergometry	SCI patients with usual care	T: -0.9 ± 1.8; C: -2.1 ± 2.4	T: -1.8 ± 3.6; C: -4.2 ± 4.8	No measurement	No measurement
Chen et al, 2005	Chronic SCI	FES cycling ergometry	Nil	No measuremnt	T: 11.1 ± 0.8	No measurement	No measurement
Clark et al, 2007	Acute SCI	FES to quadriceps femoris and anterior tibialis	SCI patients with usual care	T: -2.4 ± 3.3; C: -2.3 ± 2.8	T: -7.1 ± 3.1; C: -4.7 ± 2.7	No measurement	No measurement
Frotzler et al, 2008	Chronic SCI	FES cycling ergometry	Nil	No measurement	T: 5.2 ± 15.6	T: 6.6 ± 16	No measurement
Griffin et al, 2009	Chronic SCI	FES cycling ergometry	Nil	T: -0.6 ± 6.3	No measurement	No measurement	No measurement
Lai et al, 2010	Acute SCI	FES cycling ergometry	Nil	T: -2.1 ± 0.9; C: -6.6 ± 0.5	No measurement	No measurement	No measurement

Note: abbreviation: T: treatment group; C: control group; IV: intravenous