Table 5.
Associations of individual factors and comorbidities with prevalence of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS)
| Crude analysisa | Adjusted analysisa | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95 % CI | P value | AOR | 95 % CI | P value | |
| Age (vs. 40–49) | ||||||
| 50–59 | 2.55 | (1.28–5.08) | 0.008 | 2.30 | (0.93–5.65) | 0.070 |
| 60–69 | 2.94 | (1.50–5.75) | 0.002 | 2.50 | (1.00–6.21) | 0.049 |
| 70–79 | 6.18 | (3.23–11.81) | <0.001 | 5.38 | (2.03–14.21) | 0.001 |
| Sex (vs. Male) | ||||||
| Female | 1.02 | (0.73–1.41) | 0.928 | 0.93 | (0.57–1.53) | 0.784 |
| BMI (vs. ≥22, <25) | ||||||
| <18 | 0.68 | (0.27–1.75) | 0.427 | 0.47 | (0.10–2.16) | 0.333 |
| ≥18, <22 | 0.87 | (0.58–1.30) | 0.486 | 1.40 | (0.81–2.40) | 0.228 |
| ≥25, <30 | 1.53 | (0.99–2.37) | 0.054 | 1.89 | (1.08–3.32) | 0.027 |
| ≥30 | 1.14 | (0.58–2.23) | 0.707 | 0.78 | (0.27–2.26) | 0.642 |
| Educational level (vs. elementary-high school) | ||||||
| Professional school, junior college | 0.50 | (0.28–0.91) | 0.022 | 0.75 | (0.37–1.50) | 0.415 |
| University or above | 0.49 | (0.28–0.87) | 0.015 | 0.74 | (0.38–1.47) | 0.392 |
| Household income (JPY) (vs. <3,000,000) | ||||||
| 3,000,000≤, <5,000,000 | 0.75 | (0.49–1.15) | 0.183 | 0.85 | (0.49–1.46) | 0.548 |
| 5,000,000≤, <7,000,000 | 0.38 | (0.21–0.69) | 0.001 | 0.58 | (0.27–1.25) | 0.165 |
| 7,000,000≤ | 0.57 | (0.36–0.90) | 0.017 | 0.88 | (0.46–1.68) | 0.709 |
| Occupation (vs. no) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.674 | (1.20–2.33) | 0.002 | 0.80 | (0.47–1.36) | 0.409 |
| Perceived stress (JPSS) (vs. low) | ||||||
| Moderate (18–22) | 1.41 | (0.85–2.33) | 0.186 | 1.47 | (0.79–2.75) | 0.229 |
| Severe (≥23) | 2.49 | (1.61–3.84) | <0.001 | 1.50 | (0.81–2.77) | 0.197 |
| Depressive symptoms (MHI-5) (vs. none) | ||||||
| Low (60–67) | 1.96 | (1.25–3.08) | 0.003 | 1.86 | (1.02–3.38) | 0.043 |
| Moderate (52–59) | 1.81 | (0.93–3.51) | 0.080 | 1.34 | (0.53–3.37) | 0.538 |
| Severe (<52) | 3.64 | (2.45–5.42) | <0.001 | 3.55 | (1.97–6.40) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 2.14 | (1.53–2.98) | <0.001 | 1.21 | (0.75–1.96) | 0.428 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.84 | (1.86–4.34) | <0.001 | 2.05 | (1.14–3.67) | 0.017 |
| Cardiovascular disorder | 2.72 | (1.71–4.32) | <0.001 | 1.50 | (0.77–2.94) | 0.234 |
| Ophthalmic disorder | 2.53 | (1.69–3.78) | <0.001 | 0.97 | (0.53–1.78) | 0.932 |
| Gastrointestinal disorder | 1.64 | (1.05–2.57) | 0.029 | 1.23 | (0.70–2.15) | 0.478 |
| Urological disorder | 2.93 | (1.75–4.91) | <0.001 | 2.17 | (1.10–4.29) | 0.026 |
| Osteoarthritis, Fracture | 4.19 | (2.79–6.27) | <0.001 | 2.71 | (1.53–4.82) | 0.001 |
| Neurological disorder | 7.16 | (1.83–27.97) | 0.005 | 7.87 | (1.20–51.58) | 0.031 |
| Osteoporosis | 3.18 | (1.85–5.48) | <0.001 | 0.89 | (0.38–2.08) | 0.792 |
aThe crude analysis used single-variate logistic regressions whereas the adjusted analysis used multivariate logistic regression including all explanatory variables
OR Odds ratio, AOR adjusted odds ratio, BMI body mass index, JPY Japanese yen, JPSS Japanese perceived stress test, MHI-5 Mental Health Inventory-5