Table 3.
CD4+, CD8+, and CD14+ cells that produce cytokines and CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, and CD19+ cells that express PD-1 or PD-L1 in patients with a diagnosis of either AD or aMCI.
| aMCI | AD | p-value (*) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CD4+GATA-3+ | 0.40 (0.00 −1.25) | 0.05 (0.00 −0.70) | n.s. |
| CD4+ROR-C-γ+ | 0.16 (0.07 −0.40) | 0.10 (0.00 −0.38) | n.s. |
| CD4+IFNγ+ | 0.10 (0.01 −0.32) | 0.15 (0.00 −0.40) | n.s. |
| CD4+IL-17+ | 0.05 (0.00 −0.08) | 0.07 (0.00 −0.29) | n.s. |
| CD4+IL-9+ | 0.12 (0.04 −0.40) | 0.10 (0.02 −0.22) | n.s. |
| CD4+IL-21+ | 0.01 (0.00 −0.73) | 0.30 (0.02 −0.62) | n.s. |
| CD4+IL-22+ | 0.20 (0.10 −0.50) | 0.42 (0.10 −0.70) | n.s. |
| CD4+BDNF+ | 0.39 (0.27 −0.58) | 0.12 (0.03 −0.29) | 0.003 |
| CD8+BDNF+ | 0.45 (0.18 −1.71) | 0.31 (0.13 −0.55) | n.s. |
| CD8+T-bet+ | 0.01 (0.00 −0.05) | 1.22 (0.09 −3.16) | <0.001 |
| CD8+IFNγ+ | 0.02 (0.00 −0.065) | 0.065 (0.01 −0.15) | 0.0127 |
| CD14+TGF-β+ | 5.50 (2.27 −16.05) | 1.87 (0.53 −3.05) | 0.003 |
| CD14+IL-6+ | 15.50 (1.27 −38.77) | 10.11 (2.20 −16.00) | n.s. |
| CD14+IL-10+ | 3.95 (2.43 −13.88) | 2.05 (0.53 −12.82) | n.s. |
| CD14+IL-12p35+ | 0.6 (0.00 −1.82) | 0.18 (0.02 −1.4) | n.s. |
| CD14+IL-23+ | 2.5 (0.92 −4.49) | 1.4 (0.47 −2.56) | n.s. |
| CD4+PD-1+ | 0.38 (0.00 −2.67) | 0.31 (0.1 −2.10) | n.s. |
| CD8+PD-1+ | 0.06 (0.00 −0.09) | 0.04 (0.02 −0.15) | n.s. |
| CD19+PD-L1+ | 0.05 (0.00 −0.07) | 0.02 (0.00 −0.08) | n.s. |
| CD14+PD-L1+ | 1.20 (0.30 −3.34) | 0.55 (0.28 −1.10) | n.s. |
Percentages of Aβ42-stimulated cells are shown; median, interquantile ranges, and statistical significance are indicated.AD, Alzheimer’s disease; aMCI, amnestic mild cognitive impairment; IL, interleukin; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; ROR, retinoid acid-related orphan receptor; T-bet, T-box expressed in T cells; IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; TGF- β, transforming growth factor-beta; PD-1, programed death-1; PD-L1, programed death-1 ligand.(*) p-Values refer to Mann–Whitney-U, significance level p < 0.05.In all cases, background results (i.e., % of cytokines secreting or PD-expressing cells in PBMC incubated with non-immunogenic peptides) were subtracted from the values shown.