Figure 1.
Molecular sources of oxidative stress and the potential antioxidant interventions for the management of atrial fibrillation. BH4, tetrahydrobrobiopterin; SOD, superoxide dismutase; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; NOXs, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases; XO, xanthine oxidase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RNS, reactive nitrogen species