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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Microbiol. 2013 Jul 20;21(9):10.1016/j.tim.2013.06.009. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.06.009

Figure 1. Mechanisms for recognition of intracellular bacteria by autophagy.

Figure 1

Listeria monocytogenes actA mutants (left) that are unable to bind to the host proteins Arp2/3 and VASP become ubiquitinated. This recruits p62 to the ubiquitinated Listeria through its ubiquitin-binding domain. The p62 also binds to LC3 on the surface of forming autophagosome membranes, thus targeting Listeria to be captured in the autophagosome where it will be eliminated after lysosomal fusion. Shigella flexneri (right) can be recognized immediately upon entry into the cell by Nod2 localized on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. Nod2 then recruits Atg16 to this site, targeting Shigella to the forming autophagosome.