Table 2.
Outcome measures in the intervention and control group at t = 1 year
| Variable | Treatment goal | Control group | Intervention group | Difference for continuous variablesa between intervention and control group (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample, n | 74 | 90 | |||
|
| |||||
| Systolic study blood pressure | <130mmHg | 142.9 (16.8) | 134.7 (15.7) | −8.2 (−12.9 to −3.6) | <0.001 |
| Treatment goal reached (n, %) | 16 (21.6) | 40 (44.4) | 2.9 (1.4 to 5.8)a | 0.003 | |
| Δ systolic blood pressure t = 1 year minus t = 0 (95% CI) | 0.2 (−3.6 to 3.8) | −8.1 (−11.3 to −4.8) | |||
|
| |||||
| Diastolic study blood pressure | <80mmHg | 80.9 (11.2) | 73.8 (9.6) | −4.7 (−8.4 to −1.1) | 0.010 |
| Treatment goal reached (n, %) | 37 (50.0) | 64 (71.1) | 2.5 (1.3 to 4.7)a | 0.007 | |
| Δ diastolic blood pressure t = 1 year minus t = 0 (95% CI) | 0.5 (−1.80 to 2.9), P = 0.64 | −1.1 (−3.2 to 1.0), P = 0.30 | |||
|
| |||||
| Weight, kg | n/a | 80.8 (15.0) | 79.8 (14.9) | −1.0 (−5.7 to 3.6) | 0.720 |
| Waist circumference, cm | <80 female, <94 male | 100.7 (14.9) | 101.2 (12.9) | 0.5 (−3.8 to 4.8) | 0.230 |
| Treatment goal reached, n (%) | 8 (10.8) | 5 (5.6) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.6)a | 0.220 | |
| Creatinine, μmol/l | n/a | 114.2 (24.6) | 110.9 (25.4) | −3.3 (−11.1 to 4.4) | 0.640 |
| eGFR MDRD, ml/min/1.73m2 | n/a | 49.4 (8.0) | 48.6 (8.7) | −0.7 (−3.3 to 1.9) | 0.830 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/l | <7 | 6.5 (1.4) | 6.4 (1.4) | −0.1 (−0.6 to 0.3) | 0.500 |
| Treatment goal reached, n (%) | 58 (78.4) | 68 (75.6) | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.8)a | 0.670 | |
| HbA1c, % | <7 | 6.4 (0.9) | 6.4 (0.8) | 0.01 (−0.2 to 0.3) | 0.880 |
| Treatment goal reached, n (%) | 63 (85.1) | 69 (76.7) | 0.6(0.3 to 1.3)a | 0.180 | |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | n/a | 4.8 (1.2) | 4.6 (1.1) | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.2) | 0.320 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/l | n/a | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.4) | −0.04 (−0.2 to 0.1) | 0.850 |
| Total cholesterol/HDL | n/a | 3.7 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.2) | −0.04 (−0.4 to 0.3) | 0.550 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/l | <2.5 | 2.6 (1.1) | 2.5 (0.9) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.570 |
| Treatment goal reached, n (%) | 34 (46.0) | 47 (52.2) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.4)a | 0.430 | |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l | n/a | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.7 (0.9) | −0.1 (−0.3 to 0.2) | 0.320 |
| Haemoglobin, mmol/l | >6.8 | 8.9 (0.8) | 8.7 (0.8) | −0.2 (−0.4 to 0.1) | 0.360 |
| Treatment goal reached, n (%) | 74 (100) | 90 (100) | – | – | |
| MCV, fl | n/a | 90.7 (4.0) | 91.7 (4.0)b | 0.9 (−0.3 to 2.2) | 0.060 |
| Serum albumin, g/L | 35–50 | 43.7 (2.5) | 43.3 (2.3) | −0.5 (−1.2 to 0.3) | 0.820 |
| Treatment goal reached, n (%) | 73 (98.7) | 90 (100) | – | 0.270 | |
| Sodium, mmol/l | n/a | 140.8 (2.7) | 140.4 (2.1) | −0.4 (−1.2 to 0.3) | 0.420 |
| Potassium, mmol/l | n/a | 4.38 (0.42) | 4.89 (0.54)c | 0.51 (0.36 to 0.66) | 0.030 |
| Calcium, mmol/l | <2.54 l | 2.32 (0.12) | 2.28 (0.09) | −0.04 (−0.08 to −0.01) | 0.050 |
| Treatment goal reached, n (%) | 71 (96.0) | 90 (100) | – | 0.050 | |
| Phosphate, mmol/l | <1.5 l | 1.01 (0.17) | 1.04 (0.14) | 0.03 (−0.02 to 0.08) | 0.660 |
| Treatment goal reached, n (%) | 74 (100) | 90 (100) | – | – | |
| Parathyroid hormone, pmol/l | <7.7 ; if eGFR 15–30:<12 | 8.2 (3.7)b | 6.1(2.6)d | −2.1 (−3.2 to −1.1) | 0.020 |
| Treatment goal reached, n (%) | 43 (59.7) | 62(87.3) | 3.2 (1.5 to 6.8)a | 0.002 | |
| Urine albumin/creatinine, mg/mmol | <25 male, <35 female | 6.8 (33.4)c | 3.9 (6.6)c | –2.9(–10.8 to 5.0) | 0.560 |
| Treatment goal reached, n (%) | 72 (98.6) | 82 (97.6) | 0.6 (0.01 to 7.0)a | 0.680 | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25 | 28.4 (4.6) | 28.9 (4.7) | 0.4 (−1.0 to 1.9) | 0.680 |
| Treatment goal reached, n (%) | 13 (17.6) | 15 (16.7) | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.1)a | 0.880 | |
| Positive smoking status, n (%) | Not smoking | 10 (13.5) | 11 (12.2) | – | 0.810 |
|
| |||||
| WONCA functional health status | |||||
| Overall health | n/a | 3.0 (0.8)c | 3.0 (0.8)c | −0.04 (−0.28 to 0.22) | 0.420 |
| Daily activities | n/a | 1.7 (1.0)c | 2.1 (1.2)c | 0.34 (0.03 to 0.73) | 0.270 |
| Feelings | n/a | 1.7 (0.9)b | 1.8 (1.0)c | 0.09 (0.98 to 0.16) | 0.970 |
| Physical fitness | n/a | 3.1 (0.8) | 3.4 (1.0)c | 0.22 (−0.07 to 0.52) | 0.150 |
| Social activities | n/a | 1.2 (0.7) | 1.6 (1.0)c | 0.33 (0.06 to 0.60) | 0.120 |
| Change in health | n/a | 3.0 (0.5) | 2.8 (0.6)c | −0.17 (−0.34 to −0.003) | 0.060 |
|
| |||||
| Medication | n/a | 47 (63.5) | 73 (81.1) | n/a | 0.010 |
| C09 agents acting on the RAAS system | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Lipid modifying agents | n/a | 38 (51.4) | 66 (73.3) | n/a | 0.004 |
| Vitamin D | n/a | 1 (0.6) | 14 (15.5) | n/a | 0.002 |
Values are given as mean and standard deviation (or standard deviation of difference), or number (percentage).
a
Odds ratio for discrete variables
b
Two missing values.
c
One missing value.
d
Three missing values. eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate. HbA1c = glycated haemoglobin. HDL = high-density lipoprotein. LDL = low-density lipoprotein. MCV = Mean Corpuscular Volume. MDRD = Modification of Diet in Renal Disease. RAAS = renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. SD = standard deviation. WONCA = World Organisation of National Colleges, Academies and Academic Associations of General Practitioners/Family Physicians.