Fig. 4.

Average treatment effect on the treated, presented separately by (A) whether the recipient of the treatment had received an interracial message previously, (B) whether the recipient of the treatment replied to the treatment message, (C) whether the outcome is defined as the quantity of interracial exchanges the recipient initiated with individuals from the same racial background as the treatment sender (“specific” effect) or the quantity of interracial exchanges the recipient initiated with individuals from a racial background different from that of the treatment sender (“generalized” effect), and (D) whether the outcome period is defined as the first or the second week following the treatment period. Confidence intervals are calculated using the same method as in Fig. 3. Results in their original logged form are presented in Methodological Details.