Figure 5.

Estimation of oxidative stress indicators in lung tissue homogenate. (A) Hypoxic lung tissue showed an increase in the radical generation, while nanoceria-deposited lung exposed to hypoxia did not show any increase, as compared with the control. Nanoceria alone did not cause any increase in free radicals (control [C]: 123.8±13.4, nanoceria treated [T]: 119.3±11.2, hypoxia [H]: 350.2±19.2, nanoceria treated plus hypoxia [T+H]: 150.2±13.2). (B) Hypoxic lung showed an increase in lipid peroxidation, while nanoceria-deposited lung exposed to hypoxia did not show any increase in malonaldehyde levels (C: 30.9±5.3, T: 51.2±11.9, H: 512.3±13.3, T+H: 72.2±11.9). (C) The glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratio was reduced in hypoxic lungs, while nanoceria-deposited lungs exposed to hypoxia had a GSH/GSSG ratio equivalent to that of the control. The GSH/GSSG ratio was increased in nanoceria alone (C: 65.0±2.8, T: 70.3±11.6, H: 32.4±0.4, T+H: 58.9±4.8). (D) In hypoxic lungs, 4-hydroxynoneal was increased, while it was stabilized in nanoceria-deposited lungs (C: 1.00±0.07, T: 1.10±0.05, H: 2.20±0.05, T+H: 1.30±0.09). (E) Protein carbonyl content was elevated in hypoxic lungs and restored in nanoceria-deposited lungs (C: 125.3±9.5, T: 118.6±11.3, H: 153.4±2.5, T+H: 128.6±8.2). (F) The concentration of 3-nitrotyrosine was increased during hypoxia, while no significant elevation was observed in nanoceria-deposited lungs exposed to hypoxia (C: 1.07±0.07, T: 1.10±0.05, H: 2.20±0.05, T+H: 1.30±0.09).

Notes: All results are the means of three sets of experiments; error bars represent the standard error of the mean (n=10). *P<0.05; **P<0.01.

Abbreviations: HNE, 4-hydroxynoneal; BSA, bovine serum albumin.