Table 1. Weighted Descriptive Statistics of Variables Included in the Analyses.
| All (N = 9,540) | Rural (N = 3,040) | Suburban (N = 3,870) | Urban (N = 2,630) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| Variable | Mean | (SE) | Mean | (SE) | Mean | (SE) | Mean | (SE) |
| Dependent Variables | ||||||||
| College enrollment | 0.80 | (0.00) | 0.74 | (0.01) | 0.82 | (0.01)*** | 0.84 | (0.01)* |
| College degree attainment | ||||||||
| No college enrollment | 0.20 | (0.00) | 0.26 | (0.01) | 0.18 | (0.01)*** | 0.16 | (0.01)* |
| Associate's degree | 0.10 | (0.00) | 0.12 | (0.01) | 0.10 | (0.00) | 0.09 | (0.01) |
| BA or higher | 0.38 | (0.00) | 0.30 | (0.01) | 0.40 | (0.01)** | 0.43 | (0.01)† |
| No college degree attainment | 0.32 | (0.00) | 0.32 | (0.01) | 0.32 | (0.01)* | 0.32 | (0.01)* |
| Explanatory Variablesa | ||||||||
| Socioeconomic background | ||||||||
| Parental educational attainment | ||||||||
| High school graduation or less | 0.30 | (0.00) | 0.37 | (0.01) | 0.26 | (0.01)*** | 0.26 | (0.01)** |
| Some college | 0.40 | (0.01) | 0.44 | (0.01) | 0.40 | (0.01) | 0.37 | (0.01) |
| BA or higher | 0.30 | (0.00) | 0.20 | (0.01) | 0.34 | (0.01)*** | 0.36 | (0.01)*** |
| Family income | ||||||||
| $24,999 or less | 0.31 | (0.01) | 0.38 | (0.01) | 0.25 | (0.01)*** | 0.32 | (0.01) |
| $25,000- $49,999 | 0.35 | (0.01) | 0.39 | (0.01) | 0.35 | (0.01) | 0.31 | (0.01)* |
| $50,000 or more | 0.34 | (0.00) | 0.23 | (0.01) | 0.40 | (0.01)*** | 0.37 | (0.01)† |
| Family composition and social resources | ||||||||
| Two-parent family | 0.66 | (0.01) | 0.63 | (0.01) | 0.68 | (0.01)* | 0.65 | (0.01) |
| Number of siblings | 4.26 | (0.02) | 4.17 | (0.03) | 4.28 | (0.03) | 4.35 | (0.03) |
| Parental educational expectations | ||||||||
| High school graduation or less | 0.04 | (0.00) | 0.06 | (0.00) | 0.04 | (0.00)** | 0.03 | (0.00)** |
| Associate's degree | 0.18 | (0.00) | 0.23 | (0.01) | 0.16 | (0.01)** | 0.13 | (0.01)* |
| BA or higher | 0.78 | (0.00) | 0.70 | (0.01) | 0.80 | (0.01)*** | 0.84 | (0.01)** |
| Parents discuss with child | 2.53 | (0.01) | 2.50 | (0.01) | 2.55 | (0.01)** | 2.54 | (0.01) |
| Community social resources | ||||||||
| Parents communicate with parents of child' friends | 1.76 | (0.01) | 1.88 | (0.01) | 1.71 | (0.01)*** | 1.70 | (0.02)*** |
| Parents know parents of child's friends | 2.25 | (0.01) | 2.40 | (0.01) | 2.20 | (0.01)*** | 2.16 | (0.01)*** |
| Student attends church | 3.32 | (0.02) | 3.43 | (0.04) | 3.21 | (0.03)* | 3.35 | (0.04) |
| Academic preparation in high school | ||||||||
| GPA | 2.70 | (0.01) | 2.69 | (0.01) | 2.69 | (0.01) | 2.71 | (0.02) |
| Standardized test scores | 53.51 | (0.30) | 49.56 | (0.51) | 55.02 | (0.49)** | 55.85 | (0.61) |
| Curriculum intensity | 3.04 | (0.01) | 2.77 | (0.03) | 3.09 | (0.02)*** | 3.27 | (0.03)*** |
| Controlsa | ||||||||
| Female | 0.52 | (0.01) | 0.53 | (0.01) | 0.51 | (0.01)* | 0.52 | (0.01) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Asian | 0.08 | (0.00) | 0.03 | (0.00) | 0.09 | (0.00)*** | 0.11 | (0.01)*** |
| Hispanic | 0.12 | (0.00) | 0.09 | (0.01) | 0.10 | (0.00) | 0.21 | (0.01)*** |
| Black | 0.09 | (0.00) | 0.09 | (0.01) | 0.06 | (0.00) | 0.13 | (0.01)*** |
| White | 0.71 | (0.00) | 0.80 | (0.01) | 0.75 | (0.01)* | 0.55 | (0.01)*** |
| Region | ||||||||
| Northeast | 0.18 | (0.00) | 0.14 | (0.01) | 0.24 | (0.01)*** | 0.16 | (0.01) |
| Midwest | 0.28 | (0.00) | 0.32 | (0.01) | 0.30 | (0.01) | 0.22 | (0.01)*** |
| South | 0.33 | (0.00) | 0.39 | (0.01) | 0.25 | (0.01)*** | 0.38 | (0.01) |
| West | 0.20 | (0.00) | 0.14 | (0.01) | 0.21 | (0.01)* | 0.24 | (0.01)* |
a
Both explanatory and control variables came from the second follow-up (grade 12) data collection.
***
p<.01,
**
p<.05,
*
p<.10 (two-tailed tests) respectively.
†
Denote significant differences from rural areas under the p<.001