. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Nov 25.

Published in final edited form as: Am Educ Res J. 2011 Jul 29;49(3):10.3102/0002831211416344. doi: 10.3102/0002831211416344

Table 3. Rural-Nonrural Differences in College Degree Attainment Adjusted for Precollege Characteristics, Multinomial Logistic Odds Ratio (N = 9,540).

	Model 1 (+ controls)			Model 2 (+ socioeconomic background)			Model 3 (+ family composition and social resources)			Model 4 (+ community social resources)			Model 5 (+ academic preparation)

	Base category = no college enrollment			Base category = no college enrollment			Base category = no PSE enrollment			Base category = no college enrollment			Base category = no college enrollment

Variable	Associate's degree	BA or higher	No college degree attainment	Associate's degree	BA or higher	No college degree attainment	Associate's degree	BA or higher	No degree attainment	Associate's degree	BA or higher	No college degree attainment	Associate's degree	BA or higher	No college degree attainment
Rurality
Suburban	1.19	1.61^*	1.56	1.00	0.99	1.22	0.91	0.81	1.06	0.91	0.92	1.09	1.00	1.02	1.16
Urban	1.40	2.06^**	1.63^*	1.18	1.31	1.31	1.14	1.20	1.24	1.14	1.34	1.26	1.23	1.38	1.29
Socioeconomic background
Parental educational attainment^a
Some college				2.09^**	4.38^***	2.69^***	1.71^*	3.18^***	2.18^***	1.67^*	3.00^***	2.12^***	1.39	2.10^**	1.82^***
BA or higher				4.50^***	27.83^***	6.630^***	3.19^***	15.34^***	4.45^***	3.08^***	14.05^***	4.21^***	2.35^**	7.67^***	3.32^***
Family income ($24,999 or less omitted)
$25,000 - $49,999				1.44	2.30^***	1.94^***	1.08	1.60^*	1.67^**	1.09	1.63^*	1.68^**	0.99	1.45	1.50^*
$50,000 or more				1.91	4.98^***	2.47^***	1.29	2.71^**	1.91^**	1.33	2.81^**	1.97^**	1.21	2.46^**	1.72^*
Family composition and social resources
Two-parent family							2.07^***	2.50^***	1.34	1.98^***	2.17^***	1.25	1.80^***	1.85^**	1.19
Number of siblings							0.92	0.84^**	0.86^*	0.92	0.83^**	0.85^**	0.92	0.81^**	0.86^*
Parental educational expectations^a
Associate's degree							9.41^***	3.49	2.93^***	9.25^***	3.34	2.87^***	8.55^***	3.76	2.76^***
BA or higher							14.70^***	80.93^***	8.77^***	14.29^***	74.59^***	8.42^***	8.29^***	26.39^**	5.52^***
Parents discuss with child							2.22^**	3.25^***	1.95^**	2.17^**	2.81^***	1.91^**	1.77^*	1.88^*	1.65^**
Community social resources
Parents communicate with parents of child's friends										1.07	1.22^†	1.02	1.08	1.23^†	1.05
Parents know parents of child's friends										0.89	1.15	0.95	0.94	1.29^†	1.00
Student attends church										1.10 ^†	1.22^***	1.14^**	1.06	1.13^†	1.12^*
Academic preparation in high school
GPA													2.11^***	4.35^***	1.33^*
Standardized test scores													1.01^*	1.02^***	1.01^*
Curriculum intensity													1.61^***	2.32^***	1.55^***

Log likelihood^b		-12128.84			-10877.38			-9892.29			-9830.58			-8572.34
Pseudo (McFadden's) R²^b		0.03			0.13			0.21			0.22			0.32

Note: Models include controls for gender, race/ethnicity, and region.

The reference category is high school graduation or less.

Log likelihood and Pseudo R² based on one complete and weighted data set.

^***

p<.001

^**

p<.01

p<.05

^†

p<.10 (two-tailed tests)