Table 3. Rural-Nonrural Differences in College Degree Attainment Adjusted for Precollege Characteristics, Multinomial Logistic Odds Ratio (N = 9,540).
Model 1 (+ controls) | Model 2 (+ socioeconomic background) | Model 3 (+ family composition and social resources) | Model 4 (+ community social resources) | Model 5 (+ academic preparation) | |||||||||||
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Base category = no college enrollment | Base category = no college enrollment | Base category = no PSE enrollment | Base category = no college enrollment | Base category = no college enrollment | |||||||||||
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Variable | Associate's degree |
BA or higher | No college degree attainment |
Associate's degree |
BA or higher | No college degree attainment |
Associate's degree |
BA or higher |
No degree attainment |
Associate's degree |
BA or higher |
No college degree attainment |
Associate's degree |
BA or higher | No college degree attainment |
Rurality | |||||||||||||||
Suburban | 1.19 | 1.61* | 1.56 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.22 | 0.91 | 0.81 | 1.06 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 1.09 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.16 |
Urban | 1.40 | 2.06** | 1.63* | 1.18 | 1.31 | 1.31 | 1.14 | 1.20 | 1.24 | 1.14 | 1.34 | 1.26 | 1.23 | 1.38 | 1.29 |
Socioeconomic background | |||||||||||||||
Parental educational attainmenta | |||||||||||||||
Some college | 2.09** | 4.38*** | 2.69*** | 1.71* | 3.18*** | 2.18*** | 1.67* | 3.00*** | 2.12*** | 1.39 | 2.10** | 1.82*** | |||
BA or higher | 4.50*** | 27.83*** | 6.630*** | 3.19*** | 15.34*** | 4.45*** | 3.08*** | 14.05*** | 4.21*** | 2.35** | 7.67*** | 3.32*** | |||
Family income ($24,999 or less omitted) | |||||||||||||||
$25,000 - $49,999 | 1.44 | 2.30*** | 1.94*** | 1.08 | 1.60* | 1.67** | 1.09 | 1.63* | 1.68** | 0.99 | 1.45 | 1.50* | |||
$50,000 or more | 1.91 | 4.98*** | 2.47*** | 1.29 | 2.71** | 1.91** | 1.33 | 2.81** | 1.97** | 1.21 | 2.46** | 1.72* | |||
Family composition and social resources | |||||||||||||||
Two-parent family | 2.07*** | 2.50*** | 1.34 | 1.98*** | 2.17*** | 1.25 | 1.80*** | 1.85** | 1.19 | ||||||
Number of siblings | 0.92 | 0.84** | 0.86* | 0.92 | 0.83** | 0.85** | 0.92 | 0.81** | 0.86* | ||||||
Parental educational expectationsa | |||||||||||||||
Associate's degree | 9.41*** | 3.49 | 2.93*** | 9.25*** | 3.34 | 2.87*** | 8.55*** | 3.76 | 2.76*** | ||||||
BA or higher | 14.70*** | 80.93*** | 8.77*** | 14.29*** | 74.59*** | 8.42*** | 8.29*** | 26.39** | 5.52*** | ||||||
Parents discuss with child | 2.22** | 3.25*** | 1.95** | 2.17** | 2.81*** | 1.91** | 1.77* | 1.88* | 1.65** | ||||||
Community social resources | |||||||||||||||
Parents communicate with parents of child's friends | 1.07 | 1.22† | 1.02 | 1.08 | 1.23† | 1.05 | |||||||||
Parents know parents of child's friends | 0.89 | 1.15 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 1.29† | 1.00 | |||||||||
Student attends church | 1.10 † | 1.22*** | 1.14** | 1.06 | 1.13† | 1.12* | |||||||||
Academic preparation in high school | |||||||||||||||
GPA | 2.11*** | 4.35*** | 1.33* | ||||||||||||
Standardized test scores | 1.01* | 1.02*** | 1.01* | ||||||||||||
Curriculum intensity | 1.61*** | 2.32*** | 1.55*** | ||||||||||||
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Log likelihoodb | -12128.84 | -10877.38 | -9892.29 | -9830.58 | -8572.34 | ||||||||||
Pseudo (McFadden's) R2b | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.32 |
Note: Models include controls for gender, race/ethnicity, and region.
The reference category is high school graduation or less.
Log likelihood and Pseudo R2 based on one complete and weighted data set.
p<.001
p<.01
p<.05
p<.10 (two-tailed tests)