Table 1. Characteristics of the study population.1 .
| Feature | No diabetes | Undiagnosed diabetes | Diagnosed diabetes |
| N = 1873 (91.5%) | N = 72 (3.5%) | N = 102 (5.0%) | |
| Health conditions | |||
| Male | 893 (47.8) | 43 (59.7) | 69 (67.6) |
| Age | 59.0 (54.0–64.0) | 60.0 (56.3–65.0) | 62.0 (57.0–65.0) |
| Age ≥60 | 875 (46.9) | 38 (52.8) | 65 (63.7) |
| On Rx for hypertension | 486 (26.0) | 32 (44.4) | 66 (64.7) |
| On Rx for cholesterol | 609 (32.6) | 35 (48.6) | 67 (65.7) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.29±4.6 | 33.06±6.3 | 31.19±4.4 |
| BMI category: | |||
| <25 | 439 (23.6) | 4 (5.6) | 2 (2.0) |
| 25–29.9 | 857 (46.0) | 24 (33.3) | 43 (42.2) |
| ≥30 | 566 (30.4) | 44 (61.1) | 57 (55.9) |
| Family history of T2DM | 315 (16.9) | 21 (29.2) | 54 (52.9) |
| CVD | 167 (8.9) | 16 (22.2) | 29 (28.4) |
| Socio-economic | |||
| Education: | |||
| Bachelor or higher | 175 (10.0) | 4 (5.9) | 5 (5.3) |
| Diploma | 239 (13.7) | 6 (8.8) | 6 (6.3) |
| Secondary | 863 (49.5) | 31 (45.6) | 40 (42.1) |
| Primary only | 466 (26.7) | 27 (39.7) | 44 (46.3) |
| Social class: | |||
| High income | 244 (18.2) | 6 (11.5) | 11 (13.3) |
| Middle income | 396 (29.5) | 18 (34.6) | 25 (30.1) |
| Low income | 704 (52.4) | 28 (53.8) | 47 (56.6) |
| Medical cover | |||
| Health insurance: | |||
| Private insurance | 1196 (64.0) | 27 (37.5) | 51 (50.0) |
| State insurance | 437 (23.4) | 29 (40.3) | 44 (43.1) |
| No insurance | 236 (12.6) | 16 (22.2) | 7 (6.9) |
| Health behaviours | |||
| Physical activity: | |||
| High | 795 (48.4) | 10 (17.5) | 31 (34.8) |
| Moderate | 536 (32.6) | 19 (33.3) | 35 (39.3) |
| No physical exercise | 313 (19.0) | 28 (49.1) | 23 (25.8) |
| Smoker | 889 (47.6) | 38 (52.8) | 60 (58.8) |
| Alcohol use: | |||
| Non-drinker | 800 (44.7) | 38 (55.1) | 54 (53.5) |
| Occasional drinker | 367 (20.5) | 12 (17.4) | 27 (26.7) |
| Regular drinker | 623 (34.8) | 19 (27.5) | 20 (19.8) |
| Metabolic | |||
| FPG (mmol/L) | 4.90 (4.6–5.3) | 6.60 (5.6–7.5) | 7.50 (5.7–9.4) |
| FPG ≥5.6 | 238 (13.1) | 58 (80.6) | 80 (80.8) |
| TAG (mmol/L) | 1.19 (0.9–1.6) | 1.80 (1.3–2.4) | 1.36 (1.0–2.0) |
| TAG≥1.7 | 417 (23.0) | 37 (52.9) | 36 (37.5) |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.48±0.4 | 1.22±0.3 | 1.18±0.3 |
| HDL-C (non-optimal)2 | 267 (14.7) | 32 (45.7) | 45 (45.0) |
| Dyslipidaemia3 | 122 (6.7) | 24 (34.3) | 21 (21.0) |
| SBP (mmHg) | 129.25±16.7 | 134.18±19.3 | 132.94±16.4 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.20±9.7 | 80.12±10.9 | 78.79±9.5 |
| Hypertension4 | 552 (29.7) | 28 (39.4) | 28 (27.5) |
1
Mean and ± SD are shown for continuous and % are shown for categorical variables. Age, FPG and TAG are shown as a median (interquartile range). Numbers and % (in brackets) for categorical variables will vary in different analyses as some variables have missing values.
2
HDL-C: <1.03 (MALES) <1.29 (FEMALES).
3
Dyslipidaemia: TAG≥1.7 and HDL-C: <1.03 (MALES) <1.29 (FEMALES).
4
Hypertension: SBP≥140 and/or DBP≥90.