Table 4.
Impact of the elevated ALT and hyperinsulinemia on expanded cardiovascular risk profile. Elevated ALT (>19 U/L in women and >31 U/L in men) is associated with a worse serum cardiovascular risk profile in both normal and individuals with hyperinsulinemia (*P <.05 between normal vs elevated ALT; ** P <.05 between elevated insulin and elevated insulin and elevated ALT levels; ‡P <.05 between elevated ALT and elevated insulin with normal ALT levels.) All data presented as mean ± S.D.
| NORMAL INSULIN LEVELS | ELEVATED INSULIN LEVLES | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Normal ALT Mean ± S.D. |
Elevated ALT Mean ± S.D. |
Normal ALT Mean ± S.D. |
Elevated ALT Mean ± S.D. |
|
|
| ||||
| DEMOGRAPHICS | ||||
| Age (years) | 59±14 | 57±13* | 60±14‡ | 55±12** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28±5 | 28±5 | 32±6‡ | 33±6** |
| Gender (%male) | 55 | 39* | 63‡ | 45** |
| ALT (U/L) | 18±6 | 35±14* | 19±6‡ | 39±16** |
|
| ||||
| INSULIN RESISTANCE | ||||
| Free Fatty Acids (mmol/L) | 0.65±0.25 | 0.68±0.26* | 0.61±0.28‡ | 0.70±0.28** |
| Insulin (uU/mL) | 6.9±2.4 | 7.3±2.4 | 23±18.6‡ | 26.1±26.8** |
|
| ||||
| TRADITIONAL FACTORS | ||||
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 54±14 | 57±15* | 47±11‡ | 47±11 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 97±32 | 97±33 | 91±31‡ | 99±35** |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 111±63 | 127±173* | 151±124‡ | 177±144** |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 182±42 | 187±45* | 171±41‡ | 184±48** |
|
| ||||
| VLDL | ||||
| Apolipoprotein-B (mg/dL) | 86±24 | 88±26 | 85±24‡ | 94±28** |
| VLDL-P (nmol/L) | 2±2.9 | 3±6.2* | 4.3±7.6‡ | 6.1±10.1** |
| VLDL size (nm) | 44.8±5.2 | 46.3±6* | 48.5±5.9‡ | 50.1±6.4** |
|
| ||||
| LDL | ||||
| LDL-P (nmol/L) | 1447±522 | 1477±560 | 1518±525 | 1676±590** |
| Small-dense LDL-C (mg/dL) | 24.6±11.3 | 26.5±13.6* | 25.7±11.8 | 30.8±14.9** |
| % Small-dense LDL-C | 25.3±7.3 | 27.2±13.4* | 28.2±8.9‡ | 31±10** |
| Small dense LDL-P (nmol/L) | 695±431 | 711±482 | 852±442‡ | 972±508** |
|
| ||||
| HDL | ||||
| Apolipoprotein-A1 (mg/dL) | 152±30 | 159±32* | 140±26‡ | 142±27** |
| HDL-2 (mg/dL) | 13±6.1 | 13.7±6.8* | 10.9±5.1‡ | 10.9±5.2 |
|
| ||||
| MISCELLANEOUS | ||||
| ApoB:Apo-A1 ratio | 0.59±0.24 | 0.58±0.21 | 0.63±0.21‡ | 0.68±0.26** |
| Liver Fat Score | −2.187±0.65 | −1.449±0.608* | 0.328±2.838‡ | 1.4±3.57** |
|
| ||||
| INFLAMMATORY | ||||
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 414±97 | 410±91 | 446±102‡ | 430±94** |
| hs-C-Reactive Protein (mg/L) | 2.9±6.5 | 2.8±5.8 | 4.6±7.2‡ | 4.2±7.4 |
| Myeloperoxidase (pmol/L) | 448±160 | 460±162 | 481±170 | 484±167 |
|
| ||||
| METABOLIC | ||||
| Homocysteine (umol/L) | 12.5±5.1 | 11.6±4.1* | 13.1±6.2‡ | 11.9±4.3** |