Table 1.

Classification of exogenous surfactant preparations for pulmonary diseases.

Surfactant source	Material	Proteins	Chemical name	Trade name
Human surfactant
Human	Amniotic fluid extract	SP-A, SP-B, SP-C		Not readily available
Natural surfactant
Animal bovine	Modified minced lung extracts†	SP-B, SP-C	Surfactant TA Beractant	Surfacten® Survanta®
Animal bovine	Calf lung lavage extracts	SP-B, SP-C	CLSE Calfactant	BLES® Infasurf®
Animal bovine	Cow lung lavage extracts	SP-B, SP-C	Bovactant	Alveofact®
Animal porcine	Minced lung extracts	SP-B, SP-C	Poractant alfa	Curosurf®
Synthetic surfactant (lipid-based)
N/A	DPPC	None	Nebulized DPPC	N/A
N/A	DPPC-PG‡	None	Pumactant	ALEC®§
N/A	CPHT	None	Colfosceril	Exosurf®
N/A	DPPC, HDL	None	Turfsurf	N/A
N/A	Apoproteins and synthetic DPPC-DPPG¶	None	Aposurf	N/A
Synthetic surfactant (Lipid- and protein-based)
N/A	N/A	KL4 (sinapultide)	Lucinactant	Surfaxin®
N/A	N/A	34-residue polypeptide based on SP-B	Mini-B	N/A
N/A	N/A	Dimeric SP-B1-25	Dimeric SP-B polypeptide	N/A
N/A	N/A	rSP-C	Recombinant SP-C (lusulptide)	Venticute®
N/A	N/A	Poly-Leu SP-C analog	SP-C33	N/A
N/A	N/A	N/A	SP-A analogs	N/A
N/A	N/A	N/A	Truncated recombinant fragment of SP-D	N/A

^†Minced lungs modified by the addition of phospholipids and fatty acids.

^‡DPPC-PG at a weight ratio of 7:3.

^§Artificial lung-expanding compound.

^¶Reconstituted from isolated low MW (≤15 K) apoproteins and synthetic dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol.

CLSE: Calf lung surfactant extract; CPHT: Colfosceril palmitate (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine), hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol) and tyloxapol; DPPC: Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; KL₄: Cationic and hydrophobic 21-residue lysine and leucine peptide; PG: Phosphatidylglcerol.