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Encapsulated islets stimulate TNF-α release by macrophages. Extracellular TNF-α protein was measured when macrophages were cocultured with biosilica islets (encapsulated), control islets (nonencapsulated), and when cultured alone (macrophages) with or without activation of LPS. *P < 0.01 vs. groups of nonencapsulated islet-macrophages and macrophages only. Error bars, ±1 SE (n = 3 replicates per condition).
