Table 1.
Subject characteristics at baseline
| Control (n = 12) | Aerobic Exercise (n = 16) | Resistance Exercise (n = 16) | P Value | P Value (ANCOVA Adjusted for BMI and Race) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black/white (n) | 9/3 | 9/7 | 12/4 | 0.438 | |
| Puberty, III/IV/V (n) | 0/1/11 | 0/3/13 | 0/2/14 | 0.719 | |
| Anthropometric | |||||
| Age, yr | 15.0 ± 2.2 | 14.6 ± 1.9 | 14.8 ± 1.9 | 0.819 | |
| Body weight, kg | 93.3 ± 13.1 | 88.9 ± 16.3 | 97.1 ± 16.0 | 0.326 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 35.3 ± 4.0 | 32.9 ± 3.8 | 36.4 ± 3.8† | 0.049 | |
| Waist, cm | 110.9 ± 8.4 | 106.5 ± 11.1 | 115.3 ± 11.7 | 0.079 | |
| MRI (n = 15 in the aerobic group) | |||||
| Total AT, kg | 48.1 ± 9.4 | 43.3 ± 11.0 | 50.4 ± 11.5 | 0.186 | 0.760 |
| Total body fat, % | 51.3 ± 3.5 | 47.8 ± 4.2 | 51.5 ± 4.7† | 0.035 | 0.298 |
| Skeletal muscle, kg | 22.7 ± 2.7 | 23.0 ± 4.2 | 23.2 ± 3.1 | 0.928 | 0.206 |
| VAT, cm2 | 58.6 ± 23.7 | 51.8 ± 23.3 | 63.2 ± 23.6 | 0.407 | 0.576 |
| ASAT, cm2 | 538.2 ± 117.9 | 444.5 ± 155.0 | 536.8 ± 127.9 | 0.114 | 0.545 |
| Intrahepatic lipid, % | 3.0 ± 5.4 | 2.2 ± 3.3 | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 0.738 | 0.530 |
| CT at midthigh | |||||
| IMAT, cm2 | 59.3 ± 13.3 | 53.8 ± 24.7 | 58.3 ± 18.9 | 0.736 | 0.376 |
| Muscle attenuation, HU | 52.0 ± 1.6 | 52.2 ± 2.5 | 50.7 ± 3.4 | 0.231 | 0.526 |
| Metabolic | |||||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 97.0 ± 6.7 | 93.2 ± 5.9 | 94.4 ± 6.8 | 0.309 | 0.410 |
| Fasting insulin, μU/ml | 31.1 ± 15.3 | 28.6 ± 16.5 | 45.8 ± 22.0† | 0.026 | 0.082 |
| Fasting HGP, mg·kg−1·min−1 | 1.89 ± 0.38 | 1.87 ± 0.29 | 1.79 ± 0.44 | 0.165 | 0.206 |
| Fasting hepatic insulin sensitivity, mg·kg−1·min−1 per μU/ml−1 | 22.9 ± 14.4 | 24.2 ± 12.2 | 16.5 ± 10.5 | 0.188 | 0.101 |
| Glucose at 2 h, mg/dl | 121.7 ± 28.5 | 120.7 ± 19.8 | 117.7 ± 15.5 | 0.865 | 0.797 |
| Insulin at 2 h, μU/ml | 104.1 ± 102.8 | 153.6 ± 143.7 | 207.0 ± 170.8 | 0.188 | 0.171 |
| Glucose AUC, mg·min−1·dl | 15,283.9 ± 3,044.2 | 14,818.1 ± 2,363.7 | 14,748.0 ± 1,334.9 | 0.807 | 0.564 |
| Insulin AUC, μU·min−1·ml | 15,781.8 ± 8,121.4 | 17,038.0 ± 14,281.2 | 28,605.9 ± 17,643.8‡ | 0.035 | 0.077 |
| Insulin sensitivity, mg·kg−1·min−1 per μU/ml | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 1.8 ± 0.8† | 0.034 | 0.101 |
| Insulin sensitivity, mg·kg FFM−1·min−1 per μU/ml | 5.1 ± 2.5 | 5.1 ± 2.4 | 3.4 ± 1.6 | 0.060 | 0.100 |
| Fitness | |||||
| V̇o2peak, ml·kg−1·min−1 | 23.9 ± 3.0 | 28.5 ± 3.8 | 24.3 ± 4.3† | 0.004 | 0.090 |
| Muscular strength index | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.897 | 0.906 |
Values are means (SD). AT, adipose tissue; VAT, visceral AT; ASAT, abdominal subcutaneous AT; CT, computed tomography; IMAT, intermuscular AT; HU, Hounsfield units; HGP, hepatic glucose production; AUC, area under the curve; FFM, fat-free mass.
†
Different from the aerobic exercise group (P < 0.05);
‡
different from the control group (P = 0.06).