Figure 4.

Migraine affects neural activities across all levels. (a) Rare monogenic subtypes exist and genome-wide association study have revealed susceptibility loci for migraine with and without aura. (b) Disturbed functions of ion channel, proteins that regulate them, and pumps can be modeled by ion-conductance-based models. (c) Neuronal subpopulations and local circuits in specific brain regions, in particular, the layered cortex have also been investigated. (d) Higher-order networks of central nuclei and peripheral ganglia form the migraine generator network and its dynamical state may change during the course of an attack (e)–(f ). (g) Sensory processing can be perturbed in particular during the aura phase and behavioral changes occur in the prodromal phase such as food craving that can lead to false interpretation of triggers. (See main text for further detail.)