Table 5. Linear regression analysis of associations between concurrent arsenic exposure and plasma growth biomarkers in 4.5 yr old children in relation to growth retardation and socioeconomic status.
|
U-As at 4.5 years (per 10 µg/L)
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stunted (N=184) | Adequate height (N=449) | Underweight (N=247) | Adequate weight (N=386) | Low SES (N=323) | High SES (N=312) | |
| β (95 % CI) | β (95 % CI) | β (95 % CI) | β (95 % CI) | β (95 % CI) | β (95 % CI) | |
| All children (N=640) | ||||||
| IGF-1 (µg/L)a | -0.016 (-0.2, 0.23) | -0.37 (-0.6, -0.05)* | -0.15 (-0.4, 0.11) | -0.30 (-0.6¸ 0.04) | -0.11 (-0.3, 0.13) | -0.46 (-0.89, -0.02)* |
| IGF-1 (µg/L)b | 0.009 (-0.28, 0.3) | -0.39 (-0.72, 0.07) | -0.14 (-0.4, 0.17) | -0.34 (-0.6¸ 0.005) | -0.10 (-0.36, 0.16) | -0.51 (-0.94, -0.07)* |
| Adj Ca (mg/dL) a | -0.005 (-0.04¸0.03) | 0.013 (-0.006, 0.03) | 0.003 (-0.02, 0.03) | 0.012 (-0.01, 0.03) | 0.004 (-0.02, 0.02) | 0.015 (-0.01¸ 0.04) |
| PO4 (mg/dL) a | 0.054 (-0.01, 0.12) | 0.002 (-0.05, 0.059) | 0.092 (0.03, 0.14)* | -0.034 (-0.09¸ 0.03) | 0.045 (-0.01¸ 0.1) | -0.035 (-0.10, 0.03) |
| Boys (N=328) | ||||||
| IGF-1 (µg/L) a | 0.047 (-0.41¸ 0.51) | -0.29 (-0.73, 0.15) | -0.18 (-0.69, 0.31) | -0.21 (-0.70,0 .27) | 0.035 (-0.3, 0.38) | -0.36 (-1.03, 0.31) |
| IGF-1 (µg/L) b | 0.011 (-0.53, 0.55) | -0.32 (-0.77¸0 .13) | -0.12 (-0.70¸ 0.45) | -0.23 (-0.73, 0.25) | 0.028 (-0.33¸0.4) | -0.47 (-1.16¸0.21) |
| Adj Ca (mg/dL) a | 0.059 (-0.001, 0.1) | -0.005 (-0.03¸ 0.02) | 0.026 (-0.03, 0.08) | 0.002 (-0.02, 0.03) | 0.013 (-0.02, 0.04) | 0.0014 (-0.040, 0.04) |
| PO4 (mg/dL) a | 0.27 (0.089, 0.46)* | 0.045 (-0.041, 0.13) | 0.31 (0.21¸ 0.41)* | -0.008 (-0.11, 0.09) | 0.18 (0.06¸ 0.30)* | -0.035 (-0.13¸ 0.062) |
| Girls (N=312) | ||||||
| IGF-1 (µg/L) a | 0.035 (-0.35, 0.28) | -0.51 (-0.9, -0.04)* | -0.16 (-0.50¸0.17) | -0.44 (-0.92, 0.03) | -0.19 (-0.54, 0.15) | -0.56 (-1.09, -0.03)* |
| IGF-1 (µg/L) b | 0.0054 (-0.39, 0.4) | -0.49 (-0.97¸-0.02)* | -0.13 (-0.54¸0 .27) | -0.47 (0.97¸ 0.01)* | -0.18 (-0.58, 0.21) | -0.55 (-1.1¸ -0.004)* |
| Adj Ca (mg/dL) a | -0.03 (-0.07, 0.02) | 0.026 (.002¸ .051)* | -0.008 (-0.04, 0.03) | 0.016 (-0.01, 0.04) | -0.0062 (-0.03¸ 0.02) | 0.033 (-0.007¸ 0.07) |
| PO4 (mg/dL) a | 0.005 (-0.06¸0.069) | -0.045 (-0.11, 0.02) | 0.013 (-0.04¸ .007) | -0.06 (-0.13¸ 0.014) | -0.017 (-0.08, 0.04) | -0.034 (-0.12¸ 0.055) |
CI, confidence interval; β, unstandardized regression coefficients; U-As, urinary arsenic; SES, socioeconomic status; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; Adj Ca, albumin adjusted calcium; Vit-D, vitamin D; PTH, parathyroid hormone; B-ALP, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase; PO4, phosphate. aAdjusted for SES, parity (birth order), child sex (for all children). bAdjusted for SES, parity (birth order), child sex (for all children), and plasma levels of Adj Ca, Vit-D, PTH, B-ALP and PO4. * indicates P<0.05.