Table 1.
Latent and manifest variables and their definitions
| Latent | Indicator | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)* | Physical IPV | 5 items in the past three months—slapped or threw something; pushed or shoved; hit with a fist or something else that could hurt; kicked, dragged, beaten, choked, or burned; threatened to use or actually used a gun, knife, or other weapon. |
| Emotional IPV | 4 items in the past three months—insult/make her feel bad; make fun of or humiliate in front of others; scare or intimidate; threaten to hurt. | |
| Sexual IPV | Forced (by) partner to have sex in the past three months. | |
| Male Superiority & Violence (strength of disagreement with ideologies) | Acceptance of Dating Abuse | 4 items scored on a 5-point scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree—it is okay for a boy to hit a girlfriend if she did something to make him angry, if he needs to control her, if she hits him first, or if she refuses to have sex with him (adapted from Foshee et al., 1996). Alpha = .773. |
| Male Sexual Entitlement | 5 items scored on a 5-point scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree— girls should wait until marriage for sex, but boys do NOT have to wait; when a boy is sexually excited, a girl should not refuse to have sex with him; sometimes a boy needs to put a little pressure on a girl to get the sex he wants; if a girl dresses sexy, she is asking to be raped (adapted from Thompson et al., 1992). Alpha = .656. | |
| Gender Equitable Men | 8 items scored on a 5-point scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree— you don’t talk about sex, you just do it; a man is always ready for sex; a man should have the last word in his house; women sometimes need to be beaten; women are the only ones responsible for avoiding pregnancy and child care (adapted from Pulerwitz et al., 2008). Alpha = .772. | |
| Acceptance of Violence in the Community | 5 items scored on a 3-point scale from always acceptable to never acceptable—for a parent to hit a child; a man to hit his wife or girlfriend; a girl to hit a younger sister or a younger girl; a boy to hit a younger brother or a younger boy; or for a woman’s family to beat up someone who has been violent to her (adapted from Jewkes et al., 2002). Alpha = .636. | |
| Rape Myths | 4 items about victim blame scored on a 5-point scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree (Burt, 1980). Alpha =.655. | |
| Frequency of using Negative and Positive Styles to Resolve Conflict | Negative Styles: Partner Conflict | 3 items scored on a 4-point scale from not at all to very often—frequency of arguing, keeping silent, ending up shouting when disagreeing with partner in the past 3 months.** Alpha = .626. |
| Negative Styles: General Conflict | 6 items scored on a 4-point scale from never to most of the time—frequency of using disrespectful communication styles (e.g., sending angry messages, refusing to talk, act like nothing was wrong) when arguing with someone during the past three months. Alpha = .718. | |
| Positive Styles: General Conflict | 7 items measuring frequency of employing respectful communication skills (e.g., listening, telling person how you felt, seeking a solution that suited both) when arguing with someone during the past 3 months, scored on a 4- point scale from never to most of the time. Alpha = .884. | |
| Alcohol Use | Usual Frequency | 0=never; 1=less than once a week; 2=once a week; 3=2 or 3 times a week; 4=every day of the week. |
| Usual Quantity | 0=never drank; 1=1 or 2 drinks; 2=3 or 4; 3=5 or 6; 4= 7 or 8; 5=9 or more drinks. | |
| Frequency of 5+ drinks | 0=never; 1=less than monthly; 2=monthly; 3=weekly; 4=daily or almost daily. | |
| Heavier Drinking | AUDIT-C: Sum of usual frequency + usual quantity (where 0–2 drinks=0, 3–4=1, 5–6=2; 7–8=3; 9+=4) + frequency of 5+ drinks. AUDIT-C for heavier drinkers is >=3 for women and >=4 for men http://www.cqaimh.org/pdf/tool_auditc.pdf. |
*
Frequencies of three types of partner IPV were assessed for the past three months (responses were 0, 1, 2, 3+); boys were asked about the perpetration of IPV, and girls were asked about IPV victimization (WHO, 2000).
**
Options were provided for students to indicate that they had not had a partner during the past 3 months, or that they had had a partner, but had not disagreed with them.