Table 1.
Baseline demographic characteristics of cases and controls
| Characteristic | Cases (n=275) | Controls (n=284) | p Value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Recruitment year | |||
| 2008 | 98 (35.6%) | 103 (36.3%) | 0.9 |
| 2009 | 103 (37.5%) | 107 (37.8%) | |
| 2010 | 74 (26.9%) | 74 (26.1%) | |
| Sex (male) | 216 (78.5%) | 130 (45.8%) | <0.001 |
| Age group | |||
| 40–64 years | 176 (64.0%) | 72 (25.4%) | <0.001 |
| ≥65 years | 99 (36.0%) | 212 (74.6%) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Caucasian | 210 (76.4%) | 227 (80.5%) | 0.3 |
| Asian | 42 (15.3%) | 32 (11.3%) | |
| Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander | 5 (1.8%) | 2 (0.7%) | |
| Other | 18 (6.5%) | 21 (7.4%) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Married/de facto | 188 (72.6%) | 153 (57.5%) | <0.001 |
| Widowed/separated/divorced | 49 (18.9%) | 101 (38.1%) | |
| Never married | 22 (8.5%) | 11 (4.2%) | |
| Language other than English spoken at home | 51 (18.5%) | 37 (13.1%) | 0.08 |
| Household living arrangements (lives alone) | 55 (20.1%) | 92 (32.6%) | 0.001 |
| Smoker† | |||
| Current | 76 (27.9%) | 31 (11.2%) | <0.001 |
| Former | 103 (37.9%) | 102 (36.8%) | |
| Never | 93 (34.2%) | 144 (52.0%) | |
| Alcohol consumption‡ | |||
| Never | 104 (38.4%) | 142 (51.8%) | 0.005 |
| Sometimes | 134 (49.4%) | 110 (40.1%) | |
| Daily | 33 (12.2%) | 22 (8.0%) | |
| Any problems with¶ | |||
| Mobility | 77 (28.1%) | 101 (36.1%) | 0.05 |
| Self-care | 15 (5.5%) | 14 (5.0%) | 0.8 |
| Performing usual activities | 32 (11.7%) | 41 (14.7%) | 0.3 |
| Pain | 82 (30.1%) | 112 (40.0%) | 0.02 |
| Anxiety | 105 (38.6%) | 64 (23.1%) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported chronic diseases | |||
| None | 15 (5.5%) | 34 (12.0%) | 0.02 |
| 1 | 55 (20.0%) | 53 (18.7%) | |
| ≥2 | 205 (74.5%) | 197 (69.4%) | |
| Self-reported | |||
| COPD§ | 41 (14.9%) | 42 (14.8%) | 0.97 |
| Diabetes | 68 (24.7%) | 70 (24.6%) | 0.98 |
| Hypertension | 148 (53.8%) | 156 (54.9%) | 0.79 |
| High cholesterol | 150 (54.5%) | 128 (45.1%) | 0.03 |
*Pearson's χ2 test.
†Excludes 10 participants who refused.
‡Excludes 14 participants who refused.
§Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: defined as self-reported asthma or chronic bronchial disease.
¶Includes those reporting some problems and considerable problems.