Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics, risk behaviours and HIV infection among people who inject drugs in Iran, 2010
| % | HIV prevalence, N (%) | Bivariate model | Multivariate model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |||
| Current age (years) | ||||||
| 18–25 | 13.9 (11.6–16.6) | 7.8 (3.3–17.4) | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| 26–35 | 46.6 (43.9–49.3) | 15.8 (10.1–23.8) | 2.3 (1.2 to 4.4) | 0.017 | 3.1 (1.6 to 6.1) | 0.001 |
| ≥36 | 39.5 (35.8–43.3) | 17.0 (10.5–26.4) | 2.4 (1.2 to 5.1) | 0.018 | 4.1 (1.7 to 9.5) | 0.002 |
| Age at first drug use (years) | ||||||
| ≤18 | 56.7 (51.5–61.8) | 14.2 (9.9–19.9) | Ref | – | * | * |
| >18 | 43.3 (38.2–48.5) | 16.1 (8.5–28.4) | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.1) | 0.617 | * | * |
| Age at first drug injection (years) | ||||||
| ≤25 | 57.0 (52.9–60.9) | 16.4 (10.1–25.6) | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| >25 | 43.0 (39.0–47.1) | 13.2 (8.6–19.6) | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1) | 0.164 | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.1) | 0.106 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Currently married | 31.2 (27.4–35.3) | 13.2 (7.1–23.2) | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Ever been married (divorced and widowed) | 21.5 (18.7–24.6) | 16.7 (10.4–25.9) | 1.3 (0.1 to 1.9) | 0.164 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.9) | 0.605 |
| Single | 47.3 (43.6–51.0) | 15.9 (10.2–23.8) | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.1) | 0.339 | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.6) | 0.259 |
| Education | ||||||
| Above high school | 4.5 (3.1–6.6) | 4.6 (1.4–13.7) | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Secondary and high school | 65.2 (60.6–69.6) | 15.6 (9.6–24.4) | 3.8 (1.2 to 12.1) | 0.024 | 3.2 (1.1 to 9.4) | 0.039 |
| Primary school | 24.6 (21.3–28.2) | 16.2 (9.6–26.0) | 3.9 (1.2 to 12.6) | 0.024 | 3.1 (1.1 to 8.7) | 0.036 |
| Illiterate | 5.7 (3.5–9.2) | 14.7 (7.9–25.6) | 3.4 (0.9 to 12.6) | 0.063 | 2.7 (0.7 to 9.8) | 0.125 |
| Job status | ||||||
| Permanent job | 12.3 (7.5–19.7) | 5.1 (1.9–12.5) | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Temporary job | 48.9 (43.7–54.1) | 13.8 (9.6–19.6) | 3.3 (1.2 to 8.7) | 0.020 | 3.1 (1.2 to 8.1) | 0.025 |
| Unemployed | 38.8 (31.9–46.2) | 20.1 (10.9–33.9) | 5.2 (1.6 to 16.4) | 0.006 | 4.6 (1.6 to 13.6) | 0.007 |
| Having at least one injection in the last month | ||||||
| No | 38.2 (29.2–48.1) | 11.0 (6.8–17.2) | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Yes | 61.8 (51.8–70.8) | 17.8 (10.1–29.4) | 1.7 (0.8 to 3.8) | 0.178 | 1.7 (0.8 to 3.6) | 0.184 |
| Using a used needle or syringe for injection in the last month† | ||||||
| No | 63.1 (55.0–70.6) | 17.9 (9.6–30.9) | Ref | – | * | * |
| Yes | 36.9 (29.4–44.9) | 17.6 (10.1–28.9) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.5) | 0.903 | * | * |
| Using a sterile needle or syringe at last injection | ||||||
| No | 11.1 (8.3–14.6) | 19.0 (10.6–31.5) | Ref | – | * | * |
| Yes | 88.9 (85.4–91.7) | 14.7 (9.1–22.9) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) | 0.368 | * | * |
| Sharing injection tools with others over the last month† | ||||||
| No | 87.4 (83.2–90.7) | 18.5 (10.2–31.4) | Ref | – | * | * |
| Yes | 12.6 (9.3–16.8) | 13.5 (7.9–22.2) | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.5) | 0.353 | * | * |
| Sold sex during last 12 months | ||||||
| No | 69.6 (64.6–74.1) | 15.1 (9.3–23.6) | Ref | – | * | * |
| Yes | 30.4 (25.9–35.4) | 13.6 (9.5–21.3) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.2) | 0.392 | * | * |
| Condom use at last sexual intercourse‡ | ||||||
| No | 61.7 (55.1–67.9) | 13.4 (8.9–19.5) | Ref | – | * | * |
| Yes | 38.3 (32.0–44.9) | 13.2 (6.1–26.2) | 0.9 (0.5 to 2.1) | 0.976 | * | * |
*Not entered into the multivariate model (p value in bivariate model was >0.2).
†Among those who had at least one injection in the last month.
‡Among those who sold sex in exchange for money, drug, goods or any favour during the last 12 months.