Figure 1.

Hypothetical load deformation curve with definition of the μFE-derived mechanical parameters: yield point is the point on the stress-strain curve at which plastic deformation begins to occur, which is calculated here using the 0.2% offset rule; yield strain/strength is the corresponding strain/stress value at the yield point; ultimate strength is set as the peak stress value on the stress-strain curve and the corresponding strain value is referred to as the ultimate strain; modulus of resilience is calculated as the integral of the stress-strain curve from zero to the yield strain point and toughness as the integral from zero to the ultimate strain point.