Table 1.
Characteristics of 1,106 postmenopausal women overall and according to tooth loss status.
| Characteristic | Overall(N = 1,106) | No tooth loss(n = 206) | Any tooth loss(n = 900) | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Missing Teeth, Mean (SD†), No. | 5.1 (5.6) | —‡ | 6.2 (5.6) | — |
|
| ||||
| Missing Teeth, No. (%) | ||||
| 0 | 206 (18.6) | — | 0 | |
| 1-2 | 257 (23.2) | — | 257 (28.6) | |
| 3-5 | 297 (26.9) | — | 297 (33.0) | |
| ≥ 6 | 346 (31.3) | — | 346 (38.4) | |
| Range | — | — | 1-22 | — |
|
| ||||
| Age at Visit, Mean (SD), Years | 66.9 (7.1) | 63.8 (6.4) | 67.6 (7.0) | < .001 |
|
| ||||
| Smoking Status, No. (%) | ||||
| Never | 593 (53.6) | 117 (56.8) | 476 (52.9) | |
| Former | 473 (42.8) | 81 (39.3) | 392 (43.6) | |
| Current | 40 (3.6) | 8 (3.9) | 32 (3.6) | .541 |
|
| ||||
| Packs Smoked per Day, No. (%) | ||||
| None | 593 (53.6) | 117 (56.8) | 476 (52.9) | |
| < 1 | 270 (24.4) | 52 (25.2) | 218 (24.2) | |
| 1 to < 2 | 188 (17.0) | 30 (14.6) | 158 (17.6) | |
| ≥ 2 | 55 (5.0) | 7 (3.4) | 48 (5.3) | .441 |
|
| ||||
| Years of Smoking, No. (%) | ||||
| None | 593 (53.6) | 117 (56.8) | 476 (52.9) | |
| < 16 | 163 (14.7) | 34 (16.5) | 129 (14.3) | |
| 16-30 | 173 (15.6) | 29 (14.1) | 144 (16.0) | |
| ≥31 | 177 (16.0) | 26 (12.6) | 151 (16.8) | .359 |
|
| ||||
| Pack-Years, No. (%) | ||||
| Never | 593 (53.6) | 117 (56.8) | 476 (52.9) | |
| Light (<8) | 161 (14.6) | 34 (16.5) | 127 (14.1) | |
| Moderate (8-25) | 170 (15.4) | 32 (15.5) | 138 (15.3) | |
| Heavy (≥26) | 182 (16.5) | 23 (11.2) | 159 (17.7) | .142 |
|
| ||||
| Age Started Smoking, Mean (SD), Years§ | 18.3 (4.2) | 17.7 (3.3) | 18.5 (4.3) | .063 |
|
| ||||
| Age Started Smoking, No. (%), Years§ | ||||
| <20 | 378 (73.7) | 71 (79.8) | 307 (72.4) | |
| ≥20 | 135 (26.3) | 18 (20.2) | 117 (27.6) | .151 |
|
| ||||
| Years Since Quitting Smoking¶, Mean (SD) | 25.1 (13.1) | 25.0 (12.2) | 25.2 (13.3) | .907 |
|
| ||||
| Years Since Quitting Smoking,¶ No. (%) | ||||
| ≥30 | 182 (38.5) | 30 (37.0) | 152 (38.8) | |
| 20-29 | 117 (24.7) | 24 (29.6) | 93 (23.7) | |
| 10-19 | 105 (22.2) | 16 (19.8) | 89 (22.7) | |
| <10 | 69 (14.6) | 11 (13.6) | 58 (14.8) | .722 |
|
| ||||
| Worst-Site T-Score,# No. (%) | ||||
| Normal | 287 (26.0) | 63 (30.6) | 224 (24.9) | |
| Osteopenia | 537 (48.6) | 101 (49.0) | 436 (48.4) | |
| Osteoporosis | 282 (25.5) | 42 (20.4) | 240 (26.7) | .096 |
|
| ||||
| Race, No. (%) | ||||
| Other | 34(3.1) | 5 (2.4) | 29 (3.2) | |
| White | 1,070 (96.9) | 201 (97.6) | 869 (96.8) | .548 |
|
| ||||
| Body Mass Index, Mean (SD), kg/m2** | 26.8 (5.2) | 26.0 (4.5) | 26.9 (5.4) | .015 |
|
| ||||
| Education, No. (%) | ||||
| High School | 252 (22.8) | 22 (10.7) | 230 (25.6) | |
| College | 493 (44.6) | 101 (49.0) | 392 (43.6) | |
| Graduate school | 361 (32.6) | 83 (40.3) | 278 (30.9) | <.001 |
|
| ||||
| Annual Family Income, No. (%), $ | ||||
| <35,000 | 466 (42.1) | 51 (24.8) | 415 (46.1) | |
| ≥35,000 | 640 (57.9) | 155 (75.2) | 485 (53.9) | <.001 |
|
| ||||
| History of Diabetes Diagnosis, No. (%) | ||||
| No | 1,050 (94.9) | 202 (98.1) | 848 (94.2) | |
| Yes | 56 (5.1) | 4 (1.9) | 52 (5.8) | .024 |
|
| ||||
| Ever Use Hormone Therapy, No. (%) | ||||
| No | 370 (33.5) | 58 (28.2) | 312 (34.7) | |
| Yes | 736 (66.6) | 148 (71.8) | 588 (65.3) | .074 |
|
| ||||
| Current Use of Hormone Therapy, No. (%) | ||||
| No | 608 (55.0) | 105 (51.0) | 503 (55.9) | |
| Yes | 498 (45.0) | 101 (49.0) | 397 (44.1) | .201 |
|
| ||||
| Use Calcium Supplement, No. (%) | ||||
| No | 324 (29.3) | 47 (22.8) | 277 (30.8) | |
| Yes | 782 (70.7) | 159 (77.2) | 623 (69.2) | .024 |
|
| ||||
| Use Vitamin D Supplement, No. (%) | ||||
| No | 476 (43.0) | 76 (36.9) | 400 (44.4) | |
| Yes | 630 (57.0) | 130 (63.1) | 500 (55.6) | .048 |
|
| ||||
| History of Gingival Surgery, No. (%) | ||||
| No | 866 (79.1) | 173 (84.4) | 693 (77.9) | |
| Yes | 229 (20.9) | 32 (15.6) | 197 (22.1) | .038 |
|
| ||||
| Brush Teeth | ||||
| < 2 times/day | 259 (23.4) | 43 (20.9) | 216 (24.0) | |
| ≥ 2 times/day | 847 (76.6) | 163 (79.1) | 684 (76.0) | .339 |
|
| ||||
| Floss Teeth, No. (%) | ||||
| Not everyday | 626 (57.0) | 119 (58.1) | 507 (56.7) | |
| Everyday | 473 (43.0) | 86 (42.0) | 387 (43.3) | .727 |
|
| ||||
| Dental Visit | ||||
| ≤ 1 per year | 271 (24.5) | 35 (17.0) | 236 (26.2) | |
| >1 per year | 835 (75.5) | 171 (83.0) | 664 (73.8) | .006 |
*
P value calculated from a t test for continuous variables or a χ2 test for categorical variables.
†
SD: Standard deviation.
‡
Dash indicates not applicable.
§
Restricted to former and current smokers (n=513).
¶
Restricted to former smokers (n=473).
#
Included sites of total hip, femoral neck, wrist, anteroposterior spine, or total body.
**
kg/m2: Kilograms per square meter.