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. 2013 Sep 10;19(12):828–837. doi: 10.1093/molehr/gat065

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Working model for androgen action on endothelial cells. In steroid-producing cells, ligand-activated AR induces HIF-1 (Hypoxia-inducible factor 1) expression. HIF-1 is a transcription factor for VEGF. Secreted VEGF binds membrane receptors on the neighboring endothelial cells and potently stimulates proliferation.