FIGURE 1.

TLQP-21 elicits intracellular Ca²⁺ increase in macrophages and microglia. A, applying 100 nm TLQP-21 to cultured bone marrow-derived primary macrophages drives an increase in intracellular Ca²⁺. Cell images show the Fluo-4 fluorescence associated with different time points. The representative trace shows mean ± S.E. of cells (minimum of 78 cells were recorded for each experiments). B, dose response of TLQP-21 peptide in the Ca²⁺ assay used on macrophages is shown. *, p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's test, n = 4 (minimum of 78 cells were recorded for each experiment). Error bars, S.E. C, TLQP-21 elicited an increase in intracellular Ca²⁺ levels in extracellular Ca²⁺-free conditions (p = 0.173, t test, and one-way ANOVA). D, macrophages do not respond to the second 100 nm TLQP-21 application, although the ATP response was not affected. E, 100 nm TLQP-21 causes an increase in intracellular Ca²⁺ in cultured brain microglia. 100% of cells responded to 100 nm TLQP-21 (150 cells from a total of three biological replicates have been analyzed).