Table 2. Barriers items in rank order(N=521).

Rankorder	Barriers items	Subscale	Rating item as moderate or great barrier N(%)
1	The facilities are inadequate for implementation	Setting	366 (70.2)
2	Research reports/articles are published in English therefore difficult to understand	New item	353 (67.8)
3	Physicians will not cooperate with the implementation	Setting	315 (60.5)
4	The nurse does not feel she or he has enough authority to change patient care procedures	Setting	299 (57.4)
5	There is insufficient time on the job to implement new ideas	Setting	293 (56.2)
6	The nurse is isolated from knowledgeable colleagues with whom to discuss the research	Nurse	290 (55.7)
7	The nurse does not have time to read research	Setting	277 (53.2)
8	The nurses feels the results are not generalisable to own setting	Setting	264 (50.7)
9	The research has not been replicated	Research	260 (49.9)
10	The research has methodological inadequacies	Research	259 (49.7)
11	Research reports/articles are not readily available	Presentation	255 (48.9)
12	The nurse does not feel capable of evaluating the quality of the research	Nurse	248 (47.6)
13	The conclusions draw from the research are not justified	Research	238 (45.7)
14	The literature reports conflicting results	Research	225 (43.2)
15	Research reports/articles are not publishes fast enough	Research	224 (43.0)
16	Other staff are not supportive of implementation	Setting	216 (41.5)
17	The nurse does not see the value of research for practice	Nurse	212 (40.7)
18	The research is not reported clearly and readable	Presentation	211 (40.5)
19	Statistical analyses are not understandable	Presentation	202 (38.8)
20	The nurse sees little benefits for himself or herself	Nurse	191 (36.7)
21	Implications for practice are not made clear	Presentation	189 (36.3)
22	The amount of research information is overwhelming	*	186 (35.7)
22	The research in not relevant to nurses’ practice	Presentation	186 (35.7)
23	The relevant literature is not compiled in one place	Presentation	184 (35.3)
24	The nurse feels the benefits of changing practice will be minimal	Nurse	175 (33.6)
25	The nurse is unaware of the research	Nurse	174 (33.4)
25	Manager will not allow implementation	Setting	174 (33.4)
26	The nurse is uncertain whether to believe the results of the research	Research	172 (33.0)
27	There is not a documented need to change practice	Nurse	159 (30.5)
28	The nurse in unwilling to change practice	New item	113 (21.7)
29	The nurse in unwilling to try new ideas	New item	110 (21.1)

^*This item loaded a very low factor in the model identified by Funk.