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Epidural and intradiscal challenge with PEEK particles evaluated using quantitative IHC analysis (Method 1). Epidural challenge resulted in a significant increase of TNF-α and IL-1 at both 3 and 6 months and IL-6 at 6 months over that of controls. Intradiscal challenge with PEEK particles resulted in a significant increase in IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α at 6 months post-challenge
