Table 1.

Material Property for the Human Cervical Spine Finite Element Model [14–17]

Description	Element type	Young’s modulus (MPa)	Poisson’s ratio
Cortical bone	3-D solid (6 node)	10,000	0.29
Cancellous bone	3-D solid (4 node)	100	0.29
Posterior elements	3-D solid (4 node)	3,500	0.4
Endplate	3-D solid (6 node)	500	0.29
Annulus ground substance	3-D solid (8 node)	3.4	0.4
Annulus fibrosus	Tension-only linear contact elements (2 node)	450	0.3
Disc–nucleus	3-D solid (8 node)	1	0.499
Ligaments	Nonlinear tension-only spring (2 node)

Anterior longitudinal		Posterior longitudinal		Spinous		Ligamentum flavum		Capsular
Deflection (mm)	Force (N)	Deflection (mm)	Force (N)	Deflection (mm)	Force (N)	Deflection (mm)	Force (N)	Deflection (mm)	Force (N)
C2–C5
−10	0	−10	0	−10	0	−10	0	−10	0
−1	0	−1	0	−1	0	−1	0	−1	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1	28	1	25	1	7	2	38	2	55
2	52	2	44	2	12.5	4	60	4	130
3	72	3	62	3	18	6	80	6	180
4	89	4	78	4	22.5	8	108	8	210
5	102	5	89	5	26			10	230
6	115			6	30
				7	32.5
C5–C7
−10	0	−10	0	−10	0	−10	0	−10	0
−1	0	−1	0	−1	0	−1	0	−1	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1	20	1	20	1	8	2	30	2	75
2	40	2	40	2	14	4	68	4	145
3	58	3	60	3	20	6	102	6	204
4	78	4	78	4	25	8	130	8	250
5	98	5	92	5	29	10	145	10	265
6	112			6	32.5
7	120			7	35