Figure 2.

Time-calibrated phylogeny of the Pantherinae based on a partial scaffold of the combined dataset, using an IGR relaxed-clock Bayesian analysis. 95% HPD intervals are shown in shaded bars; ranges older than 20.0 Ma are trimmed for sake of illustration (see table 1 for full range of data). Reconstructed ancestral geographical ranges using DEC model M3 (Central Asian pantherine ancestor; see electronic supplementary material, table S8) are shown as pie graphs over ancestral nodes, indicating probabilities of single versus more inclusive regions of ancestral distribution. Modern and historical geographical ranges and fossil localities are indicated for terminal nodes as in figure 4. Stratigraphic ranges of fossil species used in the analyses are indicated by thick black bars. White boxes indicate genetic and morphological character transitions: I. SRY3(+4), II. Numt insert 2, III. SRY3(–7), based on [1]; other numbers refer to morphological characters, see data matrix in MorphoBank. Panthera atrox, ‘American lion’; P. spelaea, ‘cave lion’; Panthera leo, lion; Panthera pardus, leopard; Panthera onca, jaguar; Panthera uncia, snow leopard; Neofelis nebulosa, clouded leopard; Leopardus pardalis, ocelot; Puma concolor, cougar. †extinct species. (Online version in colour.)