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Cartoon of proposed mechanism. Schematic showing (a) normal vein, (b) vein after arteriovenous fistula (AVF) placement, and (c) outflow vein after fistula placement with lentivirus (LV)–small hairpin RNA (shRNA)–vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) silencing and its different mechanisms. HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α.
