Table 2.

Review of Type 2 Randomized Controlled Trials of Family Psychoeducation Plus Skill Building for Pediatric Bipolar Spectrum Disorders

Investigators	Sample	Source, Measures, and Frequency	Setting, Therapists	Treatment Conditions	Results
Fristad, Goldberg-Arnold, & Gavazzi (2002, 2003); Goldberg-Arnold, Fristad, & Gavazzi (1999)	N = 35 children ages 8-11 77% male 88.5% White, Non-Hispanic, 2.9% White, Hispanic, 2.9% African American, 2.9% Southeast Asian, 2.9% Native American BP I (12%), BP II (34%), DD (17%), or MDD (37%) IQ > 70	Parents: UMDQ; EEAC Child: SSS Clinician: CASA Baseline, 2- and 6-month follow-up	University medical center 1 LCP, 1 LISW, 1 postdoctoral trainee, 1 advanced doctoral student (child group co-therapist)	MF-PEP (6 75- minute parent and child multiple-family groups) + TAU (n = 18) WLC + TAU (n = 17)	MF-PEP + TAU parents demonstrated positive consumer evaluation at 2-month follow-up, more improvement in family interactions and knowledge of mood disorders than WLC + TAU at 2- and 6-month follow-up, improved ability to obtain appropriate services than WLC + TAU at 6-month follow-up, and positive attitudinal shift at 6-month follow-up; MF-PEP + TAU children reported greater improvement in perceived social support from parents (but not peers) compared to WLC + TAU at 6-month follow-up
Fristad (2006)	N = 20 children ages 8-11 85% male 90% White BP I (40%), BP II (35%), or BP NOS (25%)	Parent: EEAC Parent + Child: Therapy Evaluation Form Clinician: Service Provider and Medication Usage Grids; MSI Baseline, 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-up	University medical center 1 postdoctoral trainee	IF-PEP (16 50-minute individual sessions alternating between parent and child) + TAU (n = 10) WLC + TAU (n = 10)	IF-PEP + TAU children's mood symptoms improved following treatment (d = 0.45), with gains maintained through 12-month follow-up (d = 0.60), but not significantly more than WLC + TAU; expressed emotion improved significantly more for IF-PEP + TAU than WLC + TAU families; non-significant improvement in service utilization among IF-PEP + TAU families; positive consumer evaluations from parents and children following treatment

Note. BP = Bipolar Disorder; DD = Dysthymic Disorder; MDD = Major Depressive Disorder; IQ = Intellectual Quotient; UMDQ = Understanding Mood Disorders Questionnaire; EEAC = Expressed Emotion Adjective Checklist; SSS = Social Support Scale; CASA = Child and Adolescent Services Assessment; LCP = Licensed Clinical Psychologist; LISW = Licensed Independent Social Worker; MF-PEP = Multi-Family Psychoeducational Psychotherapy; TAU = Treatment as Usual; WLC = Waitlist Control; NOS = Not Otherwise Specified; MSI = Mood Severity Index (combines scores from the Young Mania Rating Scale and the Children's Depression Rating Scale – Revised); IF-PEP = Individual-Family Psychoeducational Psychotherapy.