Table 4.
Mixed model results for clinical scale scores of bully perpetrators and non-bullies
| Clinical score | Predicted mean score M (SD) |
Predicted score change M (SD) (p)a |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6 weeks | 3 months | 6 months | 12 months | 0–6 weeks | 6 weeks–3 months | 3–6 months | 6–12 months | |
| SIQ-JR | |||||||||
| Bully | 53.5 (11.7) | 26.4 (12.2) | 24.2 (11.4) | 21.8 (9.9) | 17.0 (7.5) | −27.1 (3.5) (<.0001) | −2.3 (2.8) (.42) | −1.2 (.5) (.02) | −1.2 (.5) (.02) |
| Non-bully | 45.3 (13.8) | 27.5 (12.2) | 22.1 (11.4) | 20.4 (9.8) | 16.9 (7.2) | −17.8 (1.3) (<.0001) | −5.4 (.99) (<.0001) | −.9 (.19) (<.0001) | −.9 (.19) (<.0001) |
| p t-testb | <.01 | .54 | .21 | .32 | .95 | .01 | .29 | .54 | .54 |
| BHS | |||||||||
| Bully | 9.9 (3.3) | 6.9 (3.5) | 7.5 (4.2) | 5.3 (3.7) | 5.8 (2.9) | −3.1 (.9) (<.0001) | .6 (.76) (<.0001) | −1.1 (.4) (<.0001) | .1 (.20) (<.0001) |
| Non-bully | 8.5 (3.7) | 7.4 (3.7) | 6.3 (3.9) | 5.2 (3.5) | 4.6 (2.6) | −1.2 (.34) | −1.0 (.27) | −.6 (.13) | −.2 (.07) |
| p t-test | .02 | .5 | .052 | .9 | .005 | .06 | .04 | .2 | .2 |
| CDRS-R | |||||||||
| Bully | 63.4 (5.6) | 42.2 (6.9) | 40.2 (6.6) | 36.4 (6.2) | 35.9 (5.6) | −20.8 (.8) (<.001) | −2.0 (.3) (<.001) | −2.0 (.3) (<.001) | −.17 (.2) (.378) |
| Non-bully | 60.9 (6.0) | 40.2 (7.3) | 38.1 (7.1) | 34.1 (6.7) | 33.4 (6.2) | Same as bully | Same as bully | Same as bully | Same as bully |
| p t-test | .005 | .07 | .052 | .03 | .008 | No difference | No difference | No difference | No difference |
| CAFAS | |||||||||
| Bully | 120.7 (21.0) | 100.9 (22.0) | 81.2 (23.1) | 77.6 (25.4) | 70.5 (30.2) | −19.7 (1.0) <.0001 | −19.7 (1.0) <.0001 | −1.7 (.4) <.0001 | −1.7 (.4) <.0001 |
| Non-bully | 104.0 (18.4) | 84.3 (19.2) | 64.6 (20.1) | 61.2 (21.9) | 54.3 (25.9) | Same as bullyc | Same as bully | Same as bully | Same as bully |
| p t-testb | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | No differenced | No difference | No difference | No difference |
| MASC | |||||||||
| Bully | 47.7 (12.9) | 42.8 (12.7) | 37.8 (12.6) | 36.4 (12.3) | 33.6 (12.1) | −5.0 (1.2) (<.0001) | −5.0 (1.2) (<.0001) | −.7 (.5) (.1) | −.7 (.5) (.1) |
| Non-bully | 45.7 (12.3) | 44.7 (12.1) | 43.7 (12.0) | 41.5 (11.9) | 37.1 (11.8) | −1.0 (.5) (.03) | −1.0 (.5) (.03) | −1.1 (.2) (<.0001) | −1.1 (.2) (<.0001) |
| p t-test | .27 | .27 | .0009 | .0036 | .045 | .003 | .003 | .42 | .42 |
| PESQ | |||||||||
| Bully | 33.8 (9.1) | 31.4 (8.9) | 28.9 (8.8) | 28.1 (8.5) | 26.5 (8.3) | −2.4 (.7) (.0003) | −2.4 (.7) (.0003) | −.4 (.3) (.13) | −.4 (.3) (.13) |
| Non-bully | 27.5 (8.9) | 27 (8.8) | 26.5 (8.7) | 26.7 (8.6) | 27.3 (8.5) | −.5 (.2) (.046) | −.5 (.2) (.046) | −.14 (.09) (.15) | −.14 (.09) (.15) |
| p t-test | <.0001 | .001 | .06 | .29 | .55 | .007 | .007 | .05 | .05 |
BHS = Beck’s Hopelessness Scale; CAFAS = Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale; CDRS-R = Children’s Depression Rating Scale – Revised; MASC = Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children; PESQ = Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire; SIQ-JR = Suicide Ideation Questionnaire - Junior.
p value at 95% significance level for testing if the predicted score change (slope of the coded time) is zero.
p value at 95% significance level for testing if differences in predicted mean scores or slopes between bully perpetration and non-bully are zero.
There is no time by bully group interaction terms in final model. The monthly score change of bully perpetrators = predicted monthly score change of non-bullies.