Table 5.
Risk factors for low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level in 1582 HIV subjects (normal = 1128, low HDL = 454) on ARV medication
| Characteristics |
Normal |
Low HDL |
aOR |
95.0 C.I. for OR |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mean ± S.D. |
Mean ± S.D. |
Lower | Upper | |||
| N (%) | N (%) | |||||
|
Ethnicity | ||||||
| Malay |
105 (23.3) |
285 (25.4) |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Indian |
62 (13.7) |
96 (8.6) |
0.570 |
0.386 |
0.842 |
0.009 |
| Chinese |
284 (27.8) |
739 (72.2) |
1.753 |
1.187 |
2.589 |
0.005 |
|
ARV medication | ||||||
| Without PI |
382 (86.2) |
998 (90.1) |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| With PI |
61 (13.8) |
110 (9.9) |
1.449 |
1.037 |
2.024 |
0.029 |
|
Anti-hyperglycaemic Agents |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Not taking |
57 (12.6) |
91 (8.1) |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Taking |
397 (87.4) |
1037 (91.9) |
1.636 |
1.152 |
2.323 |
0.006 |
|
Viral Load (copies/mL) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <20 |
391 (86.1) |
979 (86.8) |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| >20 |
63 (13.9) |
149 (13.2) |
0.945 |
0.688 |
1.297 |
0.724 |
|
CD4 (cells/mm3) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <200 |
25 (5.6) |
90 (8.0) |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| ≥200 |
419 (94.4) |
1029 (92.0) |
0.682 |
0.432 |
1.078 |
0.099 |
|
TG (mmol/l) |
2.08 ± 1.37 |
3.23 ± 2.39 |
0.693 |
0.646 |
0.745 |
0.001 |
| <5.17 |
95 (21.1) |
551 (48.9) |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| ≥5.17 |
356 (78.9) |
576 (51.1) |
0.279 |
0.216 |
0.360 |
0.001 |
|
LDL (mmol/l) |
3.17 ± 1.01 |
2.64 ± 1.05 |
1.709 |
1.516 |
1.926 |
0.001 |
| <3.36 |
349 (77.6) |
673 (59.7) |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| ≥3.36 |
101 (22.4) |
454 (40.3) |
2.331 |
1.813 |
2.997 |
0.001 |
|
TC (mmol/l) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <5.17 |
258 (56.8) |
466 (41.3) |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| ≥5.17 |
196 (43.2) |
661 (58.7) |
1.867 |
1.498 |
2.327 |
0.001 |
|
Hepatitis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
383 (84.4) |
1010 (89.5) |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Yes | 71 (15.6) | 118 (10.5) | 0.630 | 0.459 | 0.865 | 0.004 |
Adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, CD4, HIV RNA Load, TC, TG, LDL, FPG, alcohol consumption, smoking, liver disease, medication with agents including ARV (PI), b-blocker, anti-hyperglycemic. aOR Adjusted odds ratio, ARV Antiretroviral.