Table 2.
Comparisons of the three referral models during six months of follow-up
| Variables |
Subjects |
Subjects referred |
Referral rate |
Unadjusted |
Adjusted |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | n (%) | (n/N,%) | OR (CI) | OR (CI) | ||
|
Referral strategy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Model 1: Referral Cards + Police-Assisted MMT Enrollment |
112 (49.6) |
6 (27.3) |
5.4 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
|
| Model 2: Referral Cards + 2 Months MMT in Detoxification |
62 (27.4) |
16 (72.7) |
25.8 |
1.2 (1.1-1.4) |
1.2 (1.1-1.3) |
0.0023 |
| Model 3: Referral Cards Only |
52 (23.0) |
0 (0.0) |
0.0 |
0.95 (0.83-1.1) |
0.99 (0.90-1.1) |
0.0757 |
|
Baseline covariates |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Age (years) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 18 - 24 |
23 (10.2) |
0 (0.0) |
0.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
- |
| 25 - 34 |
122 (54.0) |
13 (59.1) |
10.7 |
0.97 (0.81-1.2) |
1.0 (0.84-1.2) |
0.9966 |
| 35 - 44 |
63 (27.9) |
9 (40.9) |
14.3 |
1.1 (0.97-1.3) |
1.1 (0.96-1.3) |
0.1662 |
| ≥ 45 |
18 (8.0) |
0 (0.0) |
0.0 |
0.97 (0.81-1.2) |
1.0 (0.84-1.2) |
0.9966 |
| Gender |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Female |
9 (4.0) |
0 (0.0) |
0.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
- |
| Male |
217 (96.0) |
22 (100) |
10.1 |
1.2 (0.96-1.4) |
0.96 (0.81-1.1) |
0.6477 |
| Ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Minority |
88 (38.9) |
13 (59.1) |
14.8 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
- |
| Han |
138 (61.1) |
9 (40.9) |
6.5 |
0.93 (0.86-1.0) |
0.96 (0.90-1.0) |
0.2631 |
| Education level |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| < Primary school |
121 (52.5) |
5 (22.7) |
4.1 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
- |
| Junior high school |
87 (38.5) |
13 (59.1) |
14.9 |
1.1 (1.0-1.2) |
1.0 (0.95-1.1) |
0.6598 |
| ≥ Senior high school |
18 (8.0) |
4 (18.2) |
22.2 |
1.2 (1.0-1.4) |
1.1 (0.92-1.2) |
0.4434 |
| Marital status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Never married |
102 (45.1) |
16 (72.7) |
15.7 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
- |
| Married |
95 (42.0) |
5 (22.7) |
5.3 |
0.90 (0.83-0.97) |
0.94 (0.87-1.0) |
0.1041 |
| Divorced or widowed |
29 (12.8) |
1 (4.5) |
3.4 |
0.89 (0.80-1.0) |
0.91 (0.81-1.0) |
0.0932 |
| HIV status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Negative |
158 (69.9) |
11 (50.0) |
7.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
- |
| Positive |
68 (30.1) |
11 (50.0) |
16.2 |
0.94 (0.86-1.0) |
0.98 (0.90-1.1) |
0.6770 |
| History of heroin use (years) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| < 1 |
30 (13.3) |
0 (0.0) |
0.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
- |
| 1-5 |
71 (31.4) |
3 (13.6) |
4.2 |
1.1 (1.0-1.3) |
1.0 (0.93-1.2) |
0.4783 |
| 6-10 |
57 (25.2) |
9 (40.9) |
15.8 |
1.2 (1.0-1.3) |
1.0 (0.93-1.2) |
0.4948 |
| > 10 |
68 (30.1) |
10 (45.5) |
14.7 |
1.1 (1.0-1.3) |
1.0 (0.93-1.2) |
0.4783 |
| Prior participation in a needle-exchange program |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
220 (97.3) |
21 (95.5) |
9.5 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
- |
| Yes |
6 (2.7) |
1 (4.5) |
16.7 |
1.1 (0.90-1.4) |
1.2 (0.97-1.5) |
0.0880 |
| Prior participation in an MMT program |
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
| No |
192 (85.0) |
5 (22.7) |
2.6 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
- |
| Yes |
34 (15.0) |
17 (77.3) |
50.0 |
1.6 (1.4-1.7) |
1.5 (1.3-1.6) |
<0.0001 |
| Willingness to participate in an MMT program |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
109 (48.2) |
6 (27.3) |
5.5 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
- |
| Yes |
116 (51.3) |
16 (72.7) |
13.8 |
1.0 (0.97-1.1) |
0.98 (0.92-1.1) |
0.6527 |
| Distance from home to the nearest MMT clinic (km) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| > 10 |
118 (52.2) |
5 (22.7) |
4.2 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
- |
| 5-10 |
41 (18.1) |
5 (22.7) |
12.2 |
1.1 (0.98-1.1) |
1.1 (0.96-1.1) |
0.2565 |
| < 5 |
67 (29.6) |
12 (54.5) |
17.9 |
1.2 (1.1-1.3) |
1.0 (0.95-1.1) |
0.4387 |
| Overall | 226 (100.0) | 22 (100.0) | 9.7 | - | - | - |