Morphological changes induced in a confluent EC monolayer by exposure to disturbed flow in the step flow channel. A, The stagnant flow area; B, the center of the recirculation eddy; C, the reattachment flow area; D, the fully developed flow area (same designations as in Fig. 9). The mean values of wall shear stress created in areas A, B, C, and D are characterized to be 0.5, 20, 0, and 20 dyn/cm2, respectively, by measurements using micron-resolution particle image velocimetry (μPIV) and by computational simulation (88, 94). The direction of the main flow is left to right. Control photograph is from the same experimental monolayer before shearing (0 h). [Modified from Chiu et al. (94).]