. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Physiol Rev. 2011 Jan;91(1):10.1152/physrev.00047.2009. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2009

TABLE 1.

A selection of studies showing the correlation between locations of atherosclerotic lesions and regions of disturbed flow in human arteries

Subject				Vessel	Methods		Flow pattern and visualization	Reference Nos.

N	Sample source	Age	Sex		Experimental	Modeling
12	Autopsy (no history of stroke or symptoms of cerebral dis.)	27–73 (Mean: 53)	Either	Carotid artery	Angiogram, histology	Scale model, LDA	Steady (H bubble, dye injection, and washout)	644
20 (lesions)	Autopsy (no history of symptomatic cerebrovasc. dis.)	27–73 (Mean: 53)	Either	Carotid artery	Angiogram, histology	Scale model, LDA	Pulsatile, Oscillatory	311
23	Patients (with coronary heart disease risk factors and plaque in the CCA and/or CB of one side and no lesions in the contralateral carotid tree)	Mean: 55	Either	Carotid artery (Plaque/control)	Echo-Doppler	Wall shear stress = blood viscosity × blood velocity/internal diameter		217
30	Patients (no obstruct. dis.)	34–81 (Mean: 60)	Either	Coronary artery	Angiogram, histology	Velocity assessed by the rate of clearance of contrast material		494
17	Autopsy (no card. dis.)	34–81 (Mean: 60)	Either	Coronary artery	Angiogram, histology			494
5	Autopsy (no card. dis.)	M: 18, 56, 61, 75	Either	Coronary artery	High-speed cinemicrography, histology	Isolated transparent natural arteries	Steady, pulsatile (suspended tracer particles)	16
5	Autopsy (no card. dis.)	F: 51	Either	Coronary artery	High-speed cinemicrography, histology	Isolated transparent natural arteries	Steady, pulsatile (suspended tracer particles)	16
26 (patients)	Patients (treated with diet or medication over 3 yr)		Either	Coronary artery	Angiogram	FDM	Steady	207
74 (lesions)	Patients (treated with diet or medication over 3 yr)		Either	Coronary artery	Angiogram	FDM	Steady	207
13	Patients (with lumen obstruction <50%)	Mean: 61	M: 9	Coronary	Intracoronary ultrasound, angiogram	Structured grid and FVM		544
13	Patients (with lumen obstruction <50%)	Mean: 61	F: 4	Coronary	Intracoronary ultrasound, angiogram	Structured grid and FVM		544
	Autopsy	64	M	Abdominal aorta, Common iliac artery	Angiogram	Anatomically accurate model	Steady, pulsatile (dye injection and washout)	595
15	Autopsy (no clinical symptoms referrable to the aorta)	41–92 (Mean: 55)	M	Abdominal aorta	Angiogram, histology, quantitative morphometry	Anatomically accurate model, MRI velocimetry	Pulsatile, oscillatory	392
10	Autopsy (no history of cardiovasc. dis.)	18–40 (Mean: 34)	M: 9	Abdominal aorta	Histology	Anatomically accurate model, LDA	Pulsatile	454
10	Autopsy (no history of cardiovasc. dis.)	18–40 (Mean: 34)	F: 1	Abdominal aorta	Histology	Anatomically accurate model, LDA	Pulsatile	454
10	Autopsy (no history of cardiovasc. dis.)	18–40 (Mean: 34)	Either	Abdominal aorta	Histology	MRI velocimetry	Pulsatile	455
10	Autopsy (no history of cardiovasc. dis.)	18–40 (Mean: 34)	Either	Abdominal aorta	Histology	Linear-regression analysis	Pulsatile	455
26	Patients (hyperlipidemic; lipid-lowering therapy; all had either intermittent claudication or asymptomatic hypercholesterolemia combined with pathological findings at plethysmography and slight or moderate femoral atherosclerosis)	39–69	Either	Femoral artery	Cineangiography		Pulsatile (contrast injection, ZDF)	535
17	Patients (hyperlipidemic; lipid-lowering therapy; all had either intermittent claudication or asymptomatic hypercholesterolemia combined with pathological findings at plethysmography and slight or moderate femoral atherosclerosis)	39–69	M: 7	Femoral artery	Cineangiography		Pulsatile (contrast injection, ZDF)	534
17		39–69	F: 10	Femoral artery	Cineangiography		Pulsatile (contrast injection, ZDF)	534

CB, carotid bulb; CCA, common carotid artery; F, female; FDM, finite difference method; FVM, finite volume method; LDA, laser-Doppler anemometry; M, male; MRI, magnetic resonance image; ZDF, zones of delayed contrast filling.