Table 2. Caesarean delivery rates by wealth quintile and survey year, southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2011.
| Region, country and wealth quintilea | Caesarean delivery rateb (%) |
Cumulative ratec (%) | Quintiles with cumulative rate of:d |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990–1996 | 1997–2001 | 2002–2006 | 2007–2011 | < 1% | < 2% | < 5% | ||
| Southern Asia | ||||||||
| Bangladesh | None | 1 and 2 | 1–4 | |||||
| 1 | – | 0.26 | 0.08 | 1.75 | 1.75 | |||
| 2 | – | 0.46 | 0.84 | 1.87 | 1.81 | |||
| 3 | – | 0.58 | 1.58 | 3.34 | 2.28 | |||
| 4 | – | 2.13 | 3.17 | 8.52 | 3.71 | |||
| 5 | – | 11.31 | 14.23 | 25.69 | 7.52 | |||
| India | None | 1 | 1–3 | |||||
| 1 | 0.44 | 1.97 | 1.51 | – | 1.51 | |||
| 2 | 0.79 | 2.43 | 3.43 | – | 2.41 | |||
| 3 | 1.69 | 4.67 | 6.84 | – | 3.70 | |||
| 4 | 2.70 | 9.57 | 12.30 | – | 5.51 | |||
| 5 | 8.16 | 20.18 | 25.54 | – | 8.37 | |||
| Nepal | 1 and 2 | 1 and 2 | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.80 | 0.98 | 0.98 | |||
| 2 | 0.42 | 0.27 | 0.54 | 0.85 | 0.92 | |||
| 3 | 0.76 | 0.17 | 0.86 | 4.61 | 2.05 | |||
| 4 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.97 | 7.09 | 3.07 | |||
| 5 | 2.72 | 3.56 | 11.81 | 14.04 | 4.59 | |||
| Pakistan | None | 1 and 2 | 1–4 | |||||
| 1 | 0.00 | – | 1.75 | – | 1.75 | |||
| 2 | 0.84 | – | 2.15 | – | 1.94 | |||
| 3 | 0.63 | – | 4.96 | – | 2.87 | |||
| 4 | 1.79 | – | 10.75 | – | 4.58 | |||
| 5 | 8.43 | – | 19.61 | – | 7.15 | |||
| Western and central Africa | ||||||||
| Benin | None | 1–3 | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | 0.66 | 1.65 | 1.28 | – | 1.28 | |||
| 2 | 1.18 | 2.14 | 2.21 | – | 1.72 | |||
| 3 | 0.86 | 1.25 | 1.85 | – | 1.76 | |||
| 4 | 3.85 | 2.58 | 3.70 | – | 2.23 | |||
| 5 | 4.37 | 10.82 | 9.59 | – | 3.43 | |||
| Burkina Faso | 1–3 | 1–5 | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | 0.28 | 0.61 | 0.20 | 0.74 | 0.74 | |||
| 2 | 0.28 | 1.63 | 0.43 | 0.95 | 0.85 | |||
| 3 | 0.81 | 0.96 | 0.21 | 0.90 | 0.86 | |||
| 4 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.70 | 2.07 | 1.16 | |||
| 5 | 4.10 | 1.71 | 2.23 | 5.51 | 1.81 | |||
| Cameroon | 1–3 | 1–5 | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | 1.03 | 0.34 | 0.52 | – | 0.52 | |||
| 2 | 1.36 | 1.28 | 0.65 | – | 0.58 | |||
| 3 | 1.32 | 2.91 | 1.60 | – | 0.89 | |||
| 4 | 2.18 | 2.91 | 3.46 | – | 1.44 | |||
| 5 | 3.36 | 4.52 | 4.72 | – | 1.94 | |||
| Chad | 1–5 | 1–5 | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | |||
| 2 | – | 0.13 | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | |||
| 3 | – | 0.31 | 0.56 | – | 0.19 | |||
| 4 | – | 0.64 | 0.29 | – | 0.22 | |||
| 5 | – | 0.92 | 1.44 | – | 0.44 | |||
| Côte d’Ivoire | 1 | 1 and 2 | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | 0.00 | 0.59 | 0.66 | – | 0.66 | |||
| 2 | 0.12 | 0.87 | 2.39 | – | 1.55 | |||
| 3 | 0.12 | 1.01 | 3.83 | – | 2.24 | |||
| 4 | 0.43 | 3.00 | 8.54 | – | 3.79 | |||
| 5 | 1.92 | 5.66 | 9.47 | – | 4.66 | |||
| Ghana | None | 1 | 1–3 | |||||
| 1 | 2.12 | 1.00 | 1.53 | 1.24 | 1.24 | |||
| 2 | 0.21 | 1.57 | 1.61 | 4.64 | 2.82 | |||
| 3 | 2.23 | 3.20 | 1.96 | 7.77 | 4.22 | |||
| 4 | 4.42 | 4.32 | 3.88 | 8.22 | 5.12 | |||
| 5 | 11.80 | 12.40 | 12.58 | 14.57 | 6.46 | |||
| Guinea | 1–4 | 1–5 | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | – | 0.40 | 0.33 | – | 0.33 | |||
| 2 | – | 0.31 | 0.38 | – | 0.35 | |||
| 3 | – | 0.75 | 1.15 | – | 0.60 | |||
| 4 | – | 2.04 | 1.82 | – | 0.86 | |||
| 5 | – | 5.10 | 6.29 | – | 1.66 | |||
| Mali | 1–5 | 1–5 | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | 0.08 | 0.39 | 0.35 | – | 0.35 | |||
| 2 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 0.32 | – | 0.33 | |||
| 3 | 0.00 | 0.61 | 0.31 | – | 0.33 | |||
| 4 | 0.48 | 0.98 | 1.04 | – | 0.50 | |||
| 5 | 1.06 | 2.46 | 2.83 | – | 0.91 | |||
| Niger | 1–5 | 1–5 | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | – | 0.13 | 0.14 | – | 0.14 | |||
| 2 | – | 0.14 | 0.56 | – | 0.34 | |||
| 3 | – | 0.27 | 0.34 | – | 0.34 | |||
| 4 | – | 0.68 | 0.32 | – | 0.34 | |||
| 5 | – | 1.52 | 3.84 | – | 0.97 | |||
| Nigeria | 1–4 | 1–5 | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | 1.07 | – | 0.55 | 0.25 | 0.25 | |||
| 2 | 0.76 | – | 0.68 | 0.40 | 0.32 | |||
| 3 | 3.78 | – | 0.68 | 0.84 | 0.47 | |||
| 4 | 1.62 | – | 1.48 | 2.43 | 0.89 | |||
| 5 | 2.73 | – | 5.87 | 5.85 | 1.73 | |||
| Senegal | None | 1 and 2 | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | – | – | 0.58 | 1.20 | 1.20 | |||
| 2 | – | – | 1.02 | 1.71 | 1.45 | |||
| 3 | – | – | 1.46 | 3.68 | 2.11 | |||
| 4 | – | – | 6.34 | 6.25 | 3.07 | |||
| 5 | – | – | 6.77 | 13.56 | 4.75 | |||
| Eastern and southern Africa | ||||||||
| Ethiopia | 1–4 | 1–5 | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | – | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.13 | |||
| 2 | – | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0.44 | 0.28 | |||
| 3 | – | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.64 | 0.40 | |||
| 4 | – | 0.15 | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.42 | |||
| 5 | – | 3.42 | 5.28 | 7.21 | 1.44 | |||
| Kenya | None | 1 | 1–4 | |||||
| 1 | 1.52 | 2.07 | 1.21 | 1.59 | 1.59 | |||
| 2 | 3.21 | 2.80 | 2.92 | 2.98 | 2.22 | |||
| 3 | 3.62 | 4.90 | 2.42 | 5.69 | 3.22 | |||
| 4 | 5.41 | 7.59 | 3.11 | 6.70 | 3.98 | |||
| 5 | 9.07 | 11.75 | 10.94 | 13.74 | 5.81 | |||
| Lesotho | None | None | 1–4 | |||||
| 1 | – | – | 2.51 | 2.50 | 2.50 | |||
| 2 | – | – | 3.94 | 3.83 | 3.12 | |||
| 3 | – | – | 4.74 | 5.75 | 3.92 | |||
| 4 | – | – | 5.87 | 7.07 | 4.73 | |||
| 5 | – | – | 9.04 | 14.97 | 6.54 | |||
| Madagascar | 1–4 | 1–5 | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | – | 0.35 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.17 | |||
| 2 | – | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.53 | 0.34 | |||
| 3 | – | 0.67 | 0.61 | 0.59 | 0.41 | |||
| 4 | – | 0.54 | 2.76 | 1.20 | 0.57 | |||
| 5 | – | 1.09 | 2.22 | 6.61 | 1.42 | |||
| Malawi | None | None | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | 1.66 | 2.23 | 3.04 | 2.93 | 2.93 | |||
| 2 | 2.20 | 2.09 | 2.35 | 3.45 | 3.19 | |||
| 3 | 3.03 | 2.16 | 2.16 | 3.92 | 3.43 | |||
| 4 | 3.05 | 2.32 | 3.23 | 4.53 | 3.68 | |||
| 5 | 6.16 | 5.22 | 4.50 | 8.93 | 4.53 | |||
| Mozambique | 1–4 | 1–5 | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | – | 0.41 | 0.28 | – | 0.28 | |||
| 2 | – | 0.81 | 0.23 | – | 0.26 | |||
| 3 | – | 1.27 | 0.59 | – | 0.37 | |||
| 4 | – | 2.82 | 2.15 | – | 0.72 | |||
| 5 | – | 4.98 | 7.73 | – | 1.83 | |||
| Rwanda | None | None | 1 and 2 | |||||
| 1 | 1.32 | 1.01 | 1.27 | 4.80 | 4.80 | |||
| 2 | 0.60 | 1.30 | 2.13 | 5.08 | 4.93 | |||
| 3 | 1.01 | 1.24 | 1.70 | 6.78 | 5.50 | |||
| 4 | 1.50 | 1.80 | 2.48 | 5.61 | 5.53 | |||
| 5 | 2.72 | 5.59 | 7.84 | 13.99 | 6.94 | |||
| Uganda | None | None | 1–4 | |||||
| 1 | 0.68 | 1.22 | 1.41 | 2.19 | 2.19 | |||
| 2 | 0.83 | 2.27 | 1.76 | 3.21 | 2.69 | |||
| 3 | 1.21 | 1.63 | 2.94 | 3.91 | 3.07 | |||
| 4 | 2.26 | 1.71 | 2.89 | 5.79 | 3.66 | |||
| 5 | 6.08 | 6.80 | 7.27 | 12.14 | 5.22 | |||
| United Republic of Tanzania | None | 1 and 2 | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | 0.97 | 0.80 | 0.99 | 1.64 | 1.64 | |||
| 2 | 1.38 | 1.28 | 2.06 | 2.28 | 1.98 | |||
| 3 | 2.14 | 2.21 | 2.88 | 3.24 | 2.40 | |||
| 4 | 1.46 | 4.07 | 2.87 | 5.57 | 3.09 | |||
| 5 | 5.29 | 6.88 | 8.19 | 11.30 | 4.25 | |||
| Zambia | None | 1–4 | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | 0.24 | – | 0.53 | 1.20 | 1.20 | |||
| 2 | 1.01 | – | 1.01 | 1.22 | 1.21 | |||
| 3 | 1.10 | – | 1.18 | 1.37 | 1.26 | |||
| 4 | 2.82 | – | 2.86 | 4.53 | 1.99 | |||
| 5 | 3.89 | – | 5.63 | 8.12 | 2.82 | |||
| Zimbabwe | None | None | 1–5 | |||||
| 1 | 4.24 | 4.54 | 1.87 | 2.46 | 2.46 | |||
| 2 | 5.98 | 5.63 | 2.94 | 2.57 | 2.51 | |||
| 3 | 5.31 | 5.35 | 3.80 | 3.30 | 2.75 | |||
| 4 | 5.34 | 7.85 | 6.47 | 6.15 | 3.61 | |||
| 5 | 7.39 | 10.52 | 10.08 | 8.95 | 4.44 | |||
a The wealth quintile to which each surveyed household belonged was categorized as 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. Quintile 1 comprised the poorest 20% of households and Quintile 5 comprised the richest 20%.
b Caesarean delivery rates are expressed as percentages of deliveries that ended in a live birth, excluding all but the last born of the neonates delivered in each multiple birth. They take into account sampling weights.
c The caesarean delivery rate – in this and any poorer quintiles cumulatively – in the most recent survey included in the analysis.
d Values from the most recent survey included in the analysis.