Table 2. Metabolic Therapies Used in the Treatment of Heart Failure.

Italics indicate therapies with reported adverse effects. mCPT1, muscle form of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1; PDK, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase; MCD, malonyl CoA decarboxylase; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; PDE, phosphodiesterase; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; MitoQ, mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant; MitoTEMPO, Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant with superoxide and alkyl radical scavenging properties; EUK-8, superoxide dismutase and catalase mimetic; SS peptide, Szeto-Schiller peptide; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Substrate Preference:

mCPT1 Inhibitors

Partial β-oxidation inhibitors

PDK Inhibitors

MCD inhibitors

Nicotinic Acid Derivatives

PPAR Agonists

Insulin Sensitivity:

Glucagon Like Peptides (GLP-1)

Metformin

Thiazolidinediones

Mitochondrial Function:

PDE inhibitors

AMPK Activators

MitoQ

MitoTEMPO

EUK-8

SS peptides

Dietary Modulation:

PUFAs

Vitamin E