Fig. 4.—

Phylogenetic relationships among FMO proteins. Col-0, Aab, and papaya refer to Arabidopsis thaliana (circles), Aethionema arabicum (triangles), and Carica papaya (colorless), respectively. Boxes indicate annotation to GS metabolic activity in Arabidopsis. Tarenaya hasslerania (diamonds) represents the closest-related outgroup of Brassicaceae, including the sister clade Aethionemae. Stars: At-α WGD event. Blue: proteins encoded by members of TARs. Red: protein encoded by GTD locus. The At-α WGD leads to duplication of a FMO locus, resulting in two clades comprising all FMO-like sequences of both Aethionema and Arabidopsis. Thus, FMO versatility has been promoted by a combination of increased degree of ohnolog retention and TD events.