Table.

Reported Pathophysiologic Abnormalities in Chronic and Hospitalized Heart Failure Patients

Pathophysiology	Chronic Heart Failure	Heart Failure Hospitalization
Hemodynamics
Central venous pressure, Pulmonary artery pressure	↑	↔ ↑ ↑ ↑
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, Systemic vascular resistance	↑	↔ ↑ ↑ ↑
Cardiac Output	↔ ↓	↔ ↓
Neurohormonal Activation
Sympathetic Nervous System	↔ ↑	↔ ↑ ↑ ↑
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System	↔ ↑	↔ ↑ ↑ ↑
Arginine Vasopressin	↔ ↑	↔ ↑ ↑ ↑
Endothelin	↔ ↑	↔ ↑ ↑ ↑
Adrenomedullin	↔ ↑	↔ ↑ ↑ ↑
Myocyte Damage
Troponin	↔ ↑	↔ ↑ ↑
Inflammation
C-reactive protein, Interleukin-6, Tumor necrosis factor, ST-2	↔ ↑	↔ ↑ ↑ ↑
Oxidative Stress
Myeloperoxidases, Uric acid	↔ ↑	↔ ↑ ↑
Extracellular Matrix Regulation
Matrix metalloproteinase, Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, Galactin-3	↔ ↑	↔ ↑ ↑ ↑
Natriuretic Peptide
B-type natriuretic peptide, N-terminal prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide	↔ ↑	↔ ↑ ↑ ↑
Renal Function and Injury
Blood urea nitrogen and Creatinine	↔ ↑	↔ ↑ ↑
Cystatin-C	↔ ↑	↔ ↑ ↑
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, Kidney Injury Molecule-1	↔ ↓	↔ ↓ ↓
Endothelial Function