Table 1.
Hemodynamic variables of the experimental groups.
| Variable | Group | Measuring point 1 (0.5 h) |
Measuring point 2 (2.5 h) |
Measuring point 3 (3.0 h) |
Measuring point 4 (3.5 h) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gastric μHbO2
[%] |
NT | 70 ± 4 | 70 ± 4 | 68 ± 5 | 67 ± 5 |
| HT | 72 ± 2 | 73 ± 2 | 73 ± 2 | 73 ± 1 | |
| NT/HS | 76 ± 1 | 78 ± 2 | 51 ± 7* | 56 ± 8* | |
| HT/HS | 74 ± 1 | 71 ± 2 | 60 ± 6# | 60 ± 8 | |
|
| |||||
| Oral μHbO2
[%] |
NT | 79 ± 2 | 82 ± 1 | 81 ± 1 | 80 ± 1 |
| HT | 80 ± 2 | 85 ± 3* | 86 ± 1∗# | 84 ± 1 | |
| NT/HS | 75 ± 2 | 78 ± 1 | 42 ± 5* | 48 ± 4* | |
| HT/HS | 76 ± 1 | 81 ± 1# | 65 ± 4# | 62 ± 4* | |
|
| |||||
|
μflow [aU] |
NT | 127 ± 29 | 129 ± 24 | 125 ± 26 | 119 ± 25 |
| HT | 140 ± 33 | 124 ± 26 | 125 ± 22 | 122 ± 21 | |
| NT/HS | 146 ± 30 | 160 ± 25 | 53 ± 10* | 63 ± 13* | |
| HT/HS | 131 ± 22 | 136 ± 20 | 85 ± 18* | 78 ± 16 | |
|
| |||||
|
μVel [aU] |
NT | 23 ± 3 | 23 ± 3 | 23 ± 3 | 22 ± 3 |
| HT | 27 ± 4 | 25 ± 2 | 25 ± 2 | 26 ± 2 | |
| NT/HS | 25 ± 3 | 26 ± 3 | 17 ± 3 | 18 ± 3* | |
| HT/HS | 26 ± 3 | 28 ± 4 | 25 ± 4 | 25 ± 4 | |
|
| |||||
| μHb [aU] | NT | 87 ± 3 | 86 ± 3* | 85 ± 3* | 85 ± 3* |
| HT | 84 ± 2 | 84 ± 3 | 84 ± 2 | 84 ± 2 | |
| NT/HS | 87 ± 3 | 84 ± 4 | 64 ± 7* | 67 ± 7* | |
| HT/HS | 83 ± 3 | 81 ± 3 | 73 ± 4* | 73 ± 3* | |
|
| |||||
|
μDO2
[aU] |
NT | 2082 ± 481 | 2123 ± 411 | 2073 ± 440 | 1976 ± 430 |
| HT | 2374 ± 558 | 2195 ± 433 | 2177 ± 382 | 2135 ± 368 | |
| NT/HS | 2345 ± 481 | 2517 ± 411 | 828 ± 154* | 982 ± 187* | |
| HT/HS | 2187 ± 359 | 2327 ± 345 | 1417 ± 262* | 1310 ± 262 | |
|
| |||||
| DO2
[mL·kg−1·min−1] |
NT | 15 ± 1 | 14 ± 1 | 14 ± 1 | 14 ± 1 |
| HT | 14 ± 1 | 13 ± 1 | 13 ± 1 | 13 ± 1 | |
| NT/HS | 14 ± 1 | 13 ± 1 | 8 ± 1* | 9 ± 1* | |
| HT/HS | 15 ± 1 | 14 ± 1 | 9 ± 1∗# | 10 ± 1* | |
|
| |||||
| VO2
[aU] |
NT | 380 ± 64 | 351 ± 62 | 354 ± 62 | 349 ± 64 |
| HT | 423 ± 92 | 273 ± 27 | 265 ± 23* | 318 ± 53 | |
| NT/HS | 527 ± 108 | 512 ± 90 | 447 ± 85 | 474 ± 88 | |
| HT/HS | 472 ± 72 | 421 ± 59 | 435 ± 67 | 453 ± 85 | |
|
| |||||
| SVR [mmHg·L−1·min] |
NT | 26 ± 2 | 27 ± 2 | 28 ± 2* | 28 ± 2* |
| HT | 27 ± 2 | 28 ± 2 | 29 ± 2 | 30 ± 2* | |
| NT/HS | 26 ± 2 | 26 ± 2 | 35 ± 2 | 35 ± 2* | |
| HT/HS | 25 ± 2 | 27 ± 2 | 33 ± 2 | 34 ± 2 | |
|
| |||||
| CO [mL·kg−1·min−1] |
NT | 88 ± 8 | 85 ± 6 | 84 ± 5 | 84 ± 5 |
| HT | 81 ± 7 | 74 ± 4 | 73 ± 3 | 72 ± 4∗# | |
| NT/HS | 88 ± 6 | 85 ± 3 | 52 ± 3* | 59 ± 3* | |
| HT/HS | 87 ± 6 | 80 ± 3 | 53 ± 3* | 57 ± 4* | |
|
| |||||
| SV [mL] |
NT | 23 ± 2 | 22 ± 2 | 22 ± 2* | 22 ± 2* |
| HT | 22 ± 2 | 27 ± 2∗# | 26 ± 2∗# | 26 ± 2∗# | |
| NT/HS | 22 ± 2 | 22 ± 2 | 14 ± 1* | 15 ± 1* | |
| HT/HS | 23 ± 2 | 27 ± 3∗# | 16 ± 1∗# | 17 ± 1∗# | |
|
| |||||
| MAP [mmHg] |
NT | 63 ± 2 | 65 ± 1 | 65 ± 1 | 65 ± 2 |
| HT | 62 ± 2 | 61 ± 1# | 61 ± 1 | 61 ± 2 | |
| NT/HS | 65 ± 1 | 65 ± 1 | 53 ± 1* | 61 ± 2 | |
| HT/HS | 62 ± 2 | 62 ± 3 | 50 ± 4* | 55 ± 3∗# | |
|
| |||||
| HR [min−1] |
NT | 111 ± 6 | 111 ± 5 | 111 ± 5 | 110 ± 6 |
| HT | 108 ± 5 | 82 ± 4∗# | 81 ± 4∗# | 81 ± 4∗# | |
| NT/HS | 117 ± 5 | 112 ± 4* | 114 ± 8 | 117 ± 8 | |
| HT/HS | 112 ± 6# | 88 ± 6∗# | 96 ± 8∗# | 97 ± 8∗# | |
Effect of normothermia (NT), hypothermia (HT), hemorrhage during normothermia (NT/HS), and hemorrhage during hypothermia (HT/HS) on gastric and oral mucosal hemoglobin oxygenation (μHbO2), microvascular flow (μflow), velocity (μVel) and amount of haemoglobin (μHb), regional (μDO2), and systemic oxygen delivery (DO2), oral mucosal oxygen consumption (μVO2), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR); data are presented as absolute values, mean ± SE, n = 5, *P < 0.05 versus baseline, # P < 0.05 versus NT for group HT and versus NT/HV for group HT/HV.