Table 2. Applications of MEKC in the analysis of different pharmaceutical substances .
| Pharmaceutical class |
Substances | Electrophoretic conditions | Reference |
| Penicillins | Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Benzylpenicillin, Phenoxymethypenicillin, Oxacillin, Cloxacilin |
40 mM sodium tetraborate + 100 mM SDS, pH – 9.3 voltage: + 10kV, temperature: 20 0C, UV detection 210 nm |
21 |
| Penicillins | Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Benzylpenicillin, Phenoxymethypenicillin, Oxacillin, Cloxacilin, Dicloxacillin, Nafcillin, Piperacillin |
26 mM sodium tetraborate + 100 mM SDS, pH – 8.5 voltage: + 20kV, temperature: 30 0C, UV detection 220 nm |
22 |
| Cephalosporins | Cefazoline, Cefuroxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefoperazone, Ceftazidime |
20 mM sodium tetraborate + 15 mM disodium hydrogenophosphate + 50 mM SDS pH – 6.5, voltage: + 18kV, temperature: 200C, UV detection 214 nm |
23 |
| Macrolides | Erythromycin, Tylosin and related substances | 80 mM sodium phosphate + 20 mM sodium cholate + 7 mMcetyltrimethylammonium bromide, pH – 7.5, voltage: + 15kV, temperature: 250C, UV detection 280 nm |
24 |
| Aminoglycosides | Gentamicin, Sisomicin, Netilmicin, Kanamycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin |
100 mM sodium tetraborate + 20 mM sodium deoxycholate + 15 mM beta-cyclodextrin, pH – 10 voltage: + 20kV, temperature: 250C |
25 |
| Tetracyclines | Tetracycline, Oxytetracicline, Democlocycline, Chlortetracycline, Doxycicline, Minocycline |
15 mM ammonium acetate + 20 mM SDS, pH – 6.5, voltage: + 15kV, temperature: 250C |
26 |
| Sulfonamides | Sulfanilamide, Sulfathiazole, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfaguanidine, Sulfadiazine |
13.32 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate, 6.67 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 40 mM SDS, pH – 7.5, voltage: + 21kV, temperature: 250C fluorescence detection |
27 |
| Sulfonamides | Sulfamethazine, Sulfamerazine, Sulfathiazole, Sulfachloropyridazine, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfacarbamide, Sulfaguanidine |
15 mM sodium tetraborate + 25 mM SDS + 20% methanol, pH – 9.3, voltage: + 20kV, temperature: 220C, UV detection 200 nm |
28 |
| Fluoroquinolones | Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, Danofloxacin |
25 mM sodium carbonate + 100 mM SDS, pH – 9.2, voltage: + 20kV, temperature: 300C, UV detection 280 nm | 29 |
| Antifungal azoles | Fluconazole, Voriconazole, Itraconazole, Posaconazole | 25 mM phosphoric acid + 100 mM SDS + 13 % acetonitrile + 13 % tetrahydrofuran, pH – 2.2 |
30 |
| Barbiturates | Phenobarbital, Amobarbital, Pentobarbital, Secobarbital, Butabarbital |
10 mM sodium tetraborate + 10 mM disodium hydrogenophosphate + 100 mM SDS + 15% acetonitrile. pH - 8.5, voltage: + 20 kV, UV detection 214 nm |
31 |
| Benzodiazepines | Flunitrazepam, Diazepam, Midazolam, Clonazepam, Bromazepam, Temazepam, Oxazepam, Lorazepam |
25 mM phosphate/borate + 75 mM SDS, pH – 9.3 | 32 |
| Benzodiazepines | Alprazolam, Bromazepam, Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam, Flunitrazepam, Medazepam, Oxazepam, Nitrazepam |
25 mM sodium tetraborate + 50 mM SDS + 12% methanol, pH – 9.3, voltage: + 25kV, temperature: 20 0C, UV detection 214 nm |
33 |
| Phenotiazines | Promethazino, Ethopropazine, Trimeprazine, Methoprimeprazine, Thioridazine |
80 mM citric acid + 10 mMtetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide + 7 mM ß -CD (9 mM HP ß-CD), pH – 3.5, voltage: + 20kV, temperature: 25 0C, UV detection 254 nm enantiomer separation |
34 |
| Tricyclic antidepressants |
Imipramine, Amitriptyline, Desipramine, Nortriptyline, Doxepin, Trimipramine |
37.5 mM phosphate + 25 mMdodecyltrimethylammonium bromide + 2 M urea, pH – 8, voltage: + 25kV |
35 |
| Xanthines | Caffeine, Theobromine, Theophylline, Pentoxifylline |
20 mM sodium tetraborate + 100 mM SDS, pH – 9.3, voltage: + 30kV, temperature: 25 0C, UV detection 274 nm |
36 |