Table 1.
Baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of study sample at baseline
| Characteristics | All patients (n = 255) |
CBTa participants (n = 125) |
Waiting-list control participants (n = 130) |
P value | ||
| Sociodemographics | ||||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 50 (12) | 48 (12) | 51 (12) | .51 | ||
| Women, n (%) | 155 (60.7) | 82 (66) | 73 (56) | .12 | ||
| White, n (%) | 227 (89.0) | 110 (88) | 117 (90) | .87 | ||
| Marital state: with partner, n (%) | 199 (78.0) | 99 (79) | 100 (77) | .66 | ||
| Education level, n (%) | ||||||
| No formal qualifications | 8 (3) | 5 (5) | 3 (3) | .44 | ||
| High school or lower/middle vocational qualifications | 136 (53.3) | 70 (56) | 66 (51) | .40 | ||
| College qualifications or more | 111 (43.6) | 50 (40) | 61 (47) | .27 | ||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Depressive symptoms (CES-Db, range 16–60), mean (SD) | 28 (7) | 29 (7) | 28 (7) | .50 | ||
| Diabetes-specific emotional distress (PAIDc, range 0–100), mean (SD) | 40 (19) | 42 (19) | 38 (19) | .05 | ||
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 141 (55) | 66 (53) | 75 (58) | .43 | ||
| Mean HbA1c leveld, % | 7.4 (1.3) | 7.4 (1.6) | 7.3 (1.6) | .36 | ||
| Self-reported diabetes complications, n (%) | ||||||
| Neuropathy | 25 (10) | 11 (9) | 14 (11) | .23 | ||
| Nephropathy | 11 (4) | 5 (4) | 6 (5) | .69 | ||
| Retinopathy | 30 (12) | 17 (14) | 13 (10) | .69 | ||
| Foot ulcer | 21 (8) | 9 (7) | 12 (9) | .24 | ||
| Diagnosis of depressive disorder (WHO CIDI-auto) e , n (%) | ||||||
| MDDf | 146 (57) | 71 (57) | 75 (58) | .89 | ||
| MDD, single episode, mild | 62 (24) | 29 (23) | 33 (25) | .68 | ||
| MDD, single episode, moderate | 48 (19) | 26 (21) | 22 (17) | .43 | ||
| MDD, single episode, severe | 21 (8) | 9 (7) | 12 (9) | .56 | ||
| MDD, recurrent episode, mild | 8 (3) | 4 (3) | 4 (3) | 1.00 | ||
| MDD, recurrent episode, moderate | 4 (2) | 1 (1) | 3 (2) | .33 | ||
| MDD, recurrent episode, severe | 3 (1) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | .54 | ||
| Dysthymic disorder | 28 (11) | 13 (10) | 15 (12) | .68 | ||
| Diagnosis of anxiety disorder, n (%) | 95 (37) | 43 (34) | 52 (40) | .36 | ||
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 59 (23) | 25 (20) | 34 (26) | .24 | ||
| Social phobia | 24 (9) | 12 (9) | 12 (9) | .92 | ||
| Panic disorder | 12 (5) | 4 (3) | 8 (6) | .27 | ||
| Panic disorder with agoraphobia | 5 (2) | 3 (2) | 2 (2) | .62 | ||
| Agoraphobia | 11 (4) | 3 (2) | 8 (6) | .14 | ||
| Specific phobia | 42 (16) | 20 (16) | 22 (17) | .83 | ||
| Blood-injection-injury type | 22 (9) | 15 (12) | 7 (5) | .06 | ||
| Environment type | 15 (6) | 6 (5) | 9 (7) | .47 | ||
| Situational type | 9 (4) | 5 (4) | 4 (3) | .69 | ||
| Animal type | 6 (3) | 1 (1) | 5 (4) | .12 | ||
a Cognitive behavioral therapy.
b Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale.
c Problem Areas In Diabetes scale.
d Glycosylated hemoglobin.
e World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview.
f Major depressive disorder.